Human amnion

Fey SJ, Larsen PM, Cells JE. (1983) Evidence for coordinated phosphorylation of keratins and vimentin during mitosis in transformed human amnion cells. Phosphate turnover of modified proteins. FEBS Lett 157, 165-9. 

Cells, J E and Madsen, P (1986) Increased cyclin/PCNA antigen staining of non S-phase transformed human amnion cells engaged m nucleotide excision DNA repair FEBS Lett 209, 277—283. 

The addition of urea to tissue cultures of human amnion cells has been found to induce urease formation (83). Urease from the seed of the legume Glyciridia maculata has been purified (84) and found to be advantageous for commercial purposes. This enzyme was reported to have no activity at 30° and below but to be active at 50°-60° ... 

DG Skannal, DE Brockman, AL Eis, S Xue, TA Siddiqi, L Myatt. Changes in activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in human amnion at parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 179-184, 1997. 

MA Balboa, J Balsinde, EA Dennis. Involvement of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in arachidonic acid mobilization in human amnionic WISH cells. J Biol Chem 273 7684-7690, 1998. 

Results have been pooled from several sources (Firket, 1965 Cleaver, 1967 Lipkin, 1971 Puck, 1972) to give a general range of data which should be compared to the results for human amnion cells (Sisken and Morasca, 1965) and mouse L5178Y cells (Defendi and Manson, 1963). As the duration of mitosis is short and not always reported, where known it has been shared between /Gl and tG2. T is the total cell generation time /Gl, /S and /G2 are the durations of the Gl, S and G2-phases, respectively. (See Fig. 10.1 for a diagrammatic representation of the cell cycle.)... 

It was found that a keratinase from Streptomyces fradiae had the greatest elastase activity of any of the enzyme preparations tested. A similar line of thought recently led Fiizi et al. (1960) to examine the use of elastase for the isolation of cells during tissue culture. The effect of pancreatic elastase in separating the cells for the preparation of cell suspensions was examined. It was found that pancreatic elastase solutions in phosphate buffer were effective within 3-10 min for rabbit epithelial cell cultures and human amnion epithelial cell cultures. The toxicity of the elastase preparations towards the cells did not appear to exceed that of trypsin. 

Large intact surfaces of whole human amnion BM for in vitro studies can be easily prepared from fresh human placentas, and their integrity may be verified by permeability and morphology studies (Liotta et al., 1980b). Microscopic examination of invasive cells cultured on amnion surfaces may demonstrate production of local discontinuities. 

Fig. 4.3. (A) Diagram of the amnion invasion assay. The invasion chamber represents a cylindrical well produced by a Teflon ring (a) to which epithelium-free amnion (b) is fastened with the aid of a viton ring (c), to face the BM side up and stromal side down. A smaller lower chamber is created by a silicone rubber ring support attached to the bottom of a 35-mm tissue culture well (d) with silicone grease, and filled with medium. The (upper) invasion chamber is placed on this support, and medium with or without additives (to be tested for invasion-blocking or stimulating ability) is added to this chamber 1 h prior to the addition of labeled cells to be tested for invasive ability. Medium is then added to the tissue culture well (d) outside these chambers to bring the fiuids inside and outside the Teflon ring to the same level (e) represents a well that includes the complete invasion chamber seeded with cells on the BM. (Reproduced from Yagel et al., 1989.) (B) (a) Human amnion. Epithelium (EP), basement membrane (BM), connective tissue stroma (ST). Haematoxylin-eosin PAS stain, (b) Denuded human amnion membrane. Basement membrane (BM), connective tissue stroma (ST), Milfipore filter (F). Haematoxylin-eosin, PAS stain. (Reproduced from Russo, 1986.)...

Ex vivo models, such as mouse bladder (Poste et al., 1980) or human amnion (Russo et al., 1986) either denuded of epithelium and/or reseeded with endothelial cells (Foltz et al., 1982) may be considered too simplified systems. According to Kim et al. (1998), these recapitulate poorly the structure of the blood vessels and, in particular, small vessels. .. where most of the cancer cell invasion is believed to take place . These authors describe an interesting alternative where cells are inoculated on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an artificially created air sac in chick embryo. To detect and quantitate tumor cells actively penetrated in the ventral lower CAM , genomic DNA is extracted and used as a template for human Alu sequence identification by PCR. These sequences, unique to human and higher primate DNA, are repetitive... 

Hendrix, M. J. C., Seftor, E. A., Seftor, R. E. B., Misiorowski, R. L., Saba, P. Z., Sundareshan, P. and Welch, D. R. (1989). Comparison of tumor cell invasion assays human amnion versus reconstituted basement membrane barriers. Invasion and Metastasis 9, 278-297. 

D-MS MNNG Human amnion FL cells 18 proteins IDed Zn-finger family proteins altered... 

Jin J, Yang J, Gao Z, Yu Y. Proteomic analysis of cellular responses to low concentration IV-methyl-lV -nitro-lV-nitrosoguanidine in human amnion FL cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 2004 43(2) 93-9. 

In Vitro. Mouse connective tissue (L cells), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and human amnion (WISH) cancer cells were used to determine the toxic and nontoxic levels of several of the... 

Table 4. Toxicity of Platinum Polymers on Human Amnion Cells In Culture. (WISH)...

Monolayer cultures of WISH (human amnion) cells were treated with the Indicated concentrations of each polymer. Toxic effects were recorded at the end of 24 hours. 4 = lOOt cell destruction, 3 = 751,... 

Celis, J. E., Madsen, P., Ryazanov, A. G. (1990). Increased phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 during mitosis in transformed human amnion cells correlates with a decreased rate of protein synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87,4231-4235. 

Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Duriach J and Collery P (1992) Gallium action on the ionic transfer through the isolated human amnion. Trace Elem Med 9 117-122. 

Wang, Z., and Tai, H.H. (1999) Cyclic AMP Response Element Mediates Dexamethasone Induced Suppression of Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 Gene Expression in Human Amnion Derived WISH Cells, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 60,243-238. 

Some of the chromosomal regions boxmd to the nuclear membrane may be the sites where DNA synthesis is initiated (Comings and Kakefuda, 1968). When the site of incorporation of radioactive thymidine was studied at the start of the S phase in synchronized human amnion cell cultures, the label was found to be localized at the nuclear membranes (Comings and Kakefuda, 1968), suggesting that the chromosomal sites at which DNA synthesis was initiated were attached to the nuclear membrane. It was... 

In 1991 Liu et al. found that extracts of Alternaria alternata led to reverse mutation in Escherichia coli, tmscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human amnion FL cells, chromosomal aberrations, and sister chromatid exchange in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, mutation in V79 cells, and transformation of NI3T3 cells (4S4,485). 

The largest use of human AM has been for ocular surface disorders. Products include fresh human amnion cryopreserved human amnion with little manipula-tion and processed, freeze-dried human AM.i ... 

Bourne GL. The microscopic anatomy of the human amnion and chorion. Am J Obst Gynec 1960 79 1070-3. 

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