Houses study

Selection of an in-house group or consulting firm to do a market or marketing research study does not foUow any set pattern. In some cases, an outside consulting group is retained to do an independent study of an area already researched by an in-house group. Most often the consultancy is unaware of the prior in-house study, and its report is used as a check study or an assurance to management that its report made a proper assessment. 

Operating costs are best done in-house, because company personnel are familiar with corporate philosophies of staffing, maintenance, control laboratory operations. administrative requirements, and many other support aspects of running the business. If adequately staffed, the in-house study group should handle operating costs rather than try to teach a contractor company requirements. 

A small percentage of the buildings in the United States with indoor radon concentrations in excess of 4 pCi/L can be attributed to building materials. Most of the building material problems have arisen from the use of known radium- or uranium-rich wastes such as aggregate in block or as backfill around houses. None of the houses studied in the U.S. EPA Radon Reduction Demonstration program have had any identifiable problem associated with radon from building materials. 

Peaks occur at 9 00 and 10 00 and 13 00. The water has a radon concentration of 55,300 pCi/1. Radon concentration in air is given in Figure 3h. A large pulse of radon is visible from 9 00 to 12 00. These peaks represent radon from the water supply uses discussed below. Radon concentration has a stable slow varying portion at 60 cts. and a sudden peak at 180 cts./.5hr. Using these results, a quantitative test is possible for the dilution of radon in the house. These data can also be examined to find the ventilation time for the house which is about 2 hours for the radon pulse to decline by half. Table II presents various average radon and dose measurements for each house studied. 

Table II. Houses Studied with Location, Collection Dates Averaged Results Average Radon in Air, Average Dose due to Radon, Average Radon in Water and Average Water Usage...

Table III. Houses Studied and Separation of Radon Counts...

Potentially it may be useful to have an expert report to collect, summarise and evaluate all the available literature data and in-house studies to get an overall view of the toxicity, environmental fate or ecotoxicity of a substance. A simple expert report would be on a single hazardous property, such as toxicokinetics or long-term general toxicity, and in effect would be a review article. 

In a frequently cited investigation, House studied the condensations of a variety of metal enolates with aldehydes under conditions of thermodynamic control (14). In the cyclohexanone enolate-benzaldehyde condensation (eq. [5]), it was observed that the zinc enolate (14°C, 5 min) afforded a 5 1 ratio of aldol adducts 5T and... 

The government had required that the sponsors should have their own in-house study review board to review the ethical aspects of clinical trial protocols. Such a requirement was based on the former Japanese GCP, which stipulates that the company should organise an internal formal body or mechanism that reviews and authorises its planned studies before submitting to either study centres or the MHW for clinical trial plan notification. 

The new Japanese GCP no longer contains a clause to this effect, but it seems that the authorities favours the sponsor to maintain the procedures for an in-house study review board and to determine the appropriateness of the planned studies. 

Although prior research has established the interference effect of aluminum, previous in-house studies on the atomic absorption analysis of silicate materials indicated that silicon may also have an interference effect. This interference is probably caused by compound formation in the flame. The effect of silicon on the determination of all of the elements... 

Part of the reason for the lack of natural product-based antifouhng alternatives is the necessity for expertise that historically is only found in an academic-industry research collaboration. The cross purposes of academia and business make it difficult to collaborate. Both academia and industry usually frown upon such research collaborations. The coatings industry usually does its research in-house and shies away from joint research and development programs. At the 10th International Congress, there was one report on isolation of natural products for prevention of larval settlement from an industrial source.140 This report was from scientists trained in academia and hired by a coatings company to do in-house studies of natural products. 

Until the advent of Halcion, according to Dukes (1980), the older BZs commonly used to induce sleep were not known to cause violence. We shall find his observations confirmed later on by in-house studies at the FDA indicating that Halcion—but not the older hypnotics, Dalmane or Restoril—caused a vastly increased rate of violent activities. 

Lilly s undisclosed in-house studies of increased activation and suicid-ality on Prozac were probably done in the hope of allaying fears expressed in Germany and elsewhere. When the studies instead confirmed the worst fears about stimulation and suicidality, they were never made known to the relevant agencies in England, Germany, or the United States. 

Struyk, Raymond J., and Karen Angelici. 1996. The Russian Dacha Phenomenon. Housing Studies 11(2) 233—50. 

As in rodents and other animals, there is much individual variation in human caries experience. In the Vipeholm study, 25% of subjects taking the sticky candies did not develop any cavities over 6 years, whereas a few cavities appeared in control subjects who received a diet that contained little carbohydrate and no refined carbohydrate. A few cavities also appeared in children of the Hopewood House study who received a similar diet. Within 74 junior and senior dental students attending the College of Dentistry at the University of Oklahoma in 1985 (mean age 26 years), the mean DMFT was 8.4 with a variability of 40% about the mean (Fig. 15.10). Two had only one tooth affected and two others had, respectively 15 and 16 teeth affected. The variation is due to differences in microbiota, dietary carbohydrate intake, sahva flow, fluoride exposure, and acquired immunity (Table 15.1). 

A limited number of sink effect studies have been conducted in full-sized environments. Tichenor et al. [20] showed the effect of sinks on indoor concentrations of total VOCs in a test house from the use of a wood stain. Sparks et al. [50] reported on test house studies of several indoor VOC sources (i.e., p-dichlorobenzene moth cakes, clothes dry-cleaned with perchloroethylene, and aerosol perchloroethylene spot remover) and they were compared with computer model simulations. These test house studies indicated that small-chamber-derived sink parameters and kj) may not be applicable to full-scale, complex environments. The re-emission rate (kj) appeared to be much slower in the test house. This result was also reported by other investigators in a later study [51]. New estimates of and were provided,including estimates of fca (or deposition velocity) based on the diffusivity of the VOC molecule [50]. In a test house study reported by Guo et al. [52], ethylbenzene vapor was injected at a constant rate for 72 h to load the sinks. Re-emissions from the sinks were determined over a 50-day period using a mass-balance approach. When compared with concentrations that would have occurred by simple dilution without sinks, the indoor concentrations of ethylbenzene were almost 300 times higher after 2 days and 7 times higher after 50 days. Studies of building bake-out have also included sink evaluations. Offermann et al. [53] reported that formaldehyde and VOC levels were reduced only temporarily by bake-out. They hypothesized that the sinks were depleted by the bake-out and then returned to equilibrium after the post-bake-out ventilation period. Finally, a test house study of latex paint emissions and sink effects again showed that... 

Limited numbers of full-scale, test house studies have been conducted to provide validation data for lAQ models in order to improve their accuracy. Estimates of k and k based on test house studies are provided in Table 3. 

The theories describing adsorption and desorption phenomena are well established. Unfortunately, only limited studies have been performed to develop parameters applicable to indoor environments. Small chamber data are usually insufficient to describe the sink behavior (especially desorption rates) in full-scale situations, and only a very small number of test house studies have been conducted to develop sink parameters. Sink effects can have a major impact on the long-term concentrations of pollutants in indoor environments and on the exposure of human occupants to indoor air pollutants. While lAQ models can be used to estimate the effect of sinks on exposures, such estimates can be improved when better data are available on sinks. Additional research is needed to fully understand and describe the behavior of sinks in indoor environments. 

There are no accurate data that provide a comprehensive picture of the extent of healthy volunteer studies and hence of the incidence of adverse reactions. However, surveys and clinical series have been published from time to time. In 1984 the ABPI requested information from its member companies on their activities in this area. Of the 43 companies that responded, 28 conducted in-house studies and 41 commissioned external work. In the in-house studies, there were 18 671 subject exposures to drugs. There were no deaths or life-threatening suspected reactions. The incidence of serious suspected reactions that might have been attributable to drug was 0-27 per 1000 subject exposures. Of the 8733 subject exposures in external studies, there was one death on which the inquest reported an open verdict and no life-threatening suspected reactions. The incidence of suspected serious reactions was 0-91 per 1000 subject exposures. 

Many factors may affect the degree of plasma protein binding in vivo such as age, disease state, pregnancy, etc. [101], However, under well-controlled in vitro settings, only few factors might impact the outcome of the assay, such as pH and temperature. In order to fully understand the importance of these factors, we have conducted in-house studies that indicated that careful control of both factors is vital for accurate plasma protein binding results. 

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