Other Methods for Quantification

If quantitative data are desired, one has several approaches available. One could use the raw GC peak areas, but this will result in substantial error even if the sample is analyzed by direct injection. Normalized GC peak areas would yield much more accurate values, but this requires calibration of the instrument and has little value if any sample isolation methodology was used. Other methods for quantification include standard addition, the development of standard curves, or the use of stable isotopes. Whatever method is used, one needs to formulate the flavor according to the analytical data and analyze it in the same manner as the target sample. One can then compare results between the formulated duplicate and the target sample. The sample formulation will likely have to be adjusted, reanalyzed, and reformulated again. There is little question that reasonably good analytical data can be obtained if there is time for this task. Unfortunately, time is usually limited and the data are less reliable than desired (or possible). 

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