Body growth

Many stilbenelike thiophene compounds have been prepared for a study of estrogenic activity, especially by Buu-Hoi et al. Thiophene derivatives of nonhydroxylated stilbene types showed no significant activitywhereas weak estrogenic activity was found in 5-acetyl-, 5-propionyl-, and 5-benzoyl-2-(-stilbenyl)thiophene. 1-Bromo-l,2-diphenyl-2-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)ethylene (258) was found to inhibit body growth and to produce extensive testicular atropy in male rats. A thiophene analog of estrogenic isoflavones (259)... 

Foetal development promotes growth and differentiation of foetal cells and organogenesis Promotes longitudinal body growth and increased body weight Promotes enhanced functioning of the male and female reproductive tissue Promotes growth and differentiation of neuronal tissue... 

Increased body growth (particularly bone and skeletal muscle)... 

Anemia, increased liver enzyme activity, increased cholesterol and urea Decreased body growth decreased testes weight... 

In rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, urine of an adult female delays growth and sexual development in unrelated young males, while mother s urine also delays body growth, but it accelerates sexual development in her own sons. This can he seen as females manipulating the reproductive success of nearby conspecifics (Bell, 1986). 

Human growth hormone (hGH, somatotrophin Figure 8.11) is a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the anterior pituitary. It promotes normal body growth and lactation and influences various aspects of cellular metabolism. 

The hormones of the pituitary gland participate in the control of reproductive function, body growth, and cellular metabolism deficiency or overproduction of these hormones disrupts this control. Clinical use of protein hormones in the past was limited because preparations had to come from glands or urine. The ability to prepare at least some of these hormones in large quantities by recombinant DNA techniques and the development of more stable analogues that can be injected in a depot form permit increased and more effective use of these hormones. 

Growth hormone, or somatotropin, is a protein that stimulates linear body growth in children and regulates cellular metabolism in both adults and children. Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis, enhances production of free fatty acids, elevates blood glucose, and promotes... 

Some of the adverse effects associated with the use of psychostimulants include anorexia, nausea, weight loss, insomnia, nightmares, dizziness, irritability, dysphoria, agitation, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, increase in tics and dyskinesias (Sadock and Sadock. 2001). Use of psychostimulants in children with ADHD may cause transient retardation of body growth... 

It stimulates growth directly and in conjunction with other hormones. It stimulates the multiplication of the cells of epiphyseal cartilage and thus increases the length of the cartilage bone. After administration, there is an increased body growth due to its direct effect on the tissues. It stimulates the growth of muscles. It also increases the secretion of milk during lactation. 

A partial list of physiological functions til at have been determined to be affected by vitamin C deficiencies includes (1) absorption of iron (2) cold tolerance, maintenance of adrenal cortex (3) antioxidant (4) metabolism of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine (5) body growth (6) wound healing (7) synthesis of polysaccharides and collagen (8) formation of cartilage, dentine, bone, and teeth and (9) maintenance of capillaries. 

Osteolathyrism is a disease characterized by lameness, skeletal deformities, aortic aneurysms, and slowing or cessation of body growth. Certain aminonitriles are known to cause osteolathyrism in several animal species aminoacetonitrile, 3-aminopropionitrile, and 3-amino-2-methylpropionitrile are potent inducers of this disease. It is believed that the basis of their ability to cause osteolathyrism is due to their ability to inhibit lysine oxidase, an enzyme important in cross-linking of collagen and formation of connective tissue. While no reports of these substances causing osteolathyrism in humans have appeared, it seems plausible that these substances could cause this disease in humans because they are known to cause it in a variety of experimental animals. 

Yoshida, Y. (1970). Studies on the efficiency of food conversion to fish body growth. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 36,156-164. 

Subchronic and toxicity study results may be summarized in tabular form. In addition to the aspects indicated under acute oral toxicity, details of food and water intake, body growth rate, clinical symptoms of toxicity and mortality rate, after different test chemical doses may be included. Results also should include dose-related changes in hematology, clinical enzymes, and macroscopic and microscopic changes found in the vital organs of animals. 

Anjum F, Shakoori AR. 1997. Sublethal effects of hexavalent chromium on the body growth rate and liver function enzymes of phenobarbitone-pretreated and promethazine-pretreated rabbits. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 16(1) 51-59. 

There has been much mention of this test in the psychedelic literature, but it is by no means reliable. Some mushrooms blue only after the first "flush of the fruiting bodies (growth of the fruiting bodies recurs, usually at one-week intervals). Some authors have concluded that this "bluing occurs only in mushrooms containing both psilocin and psilocybin. 

Lipids As the capacity of the stomach of newborns is very limited, lipids and fat are necessary to provide the large amounts of energy required by the newborn s high body growth rate. Milk fat is the major source of lipid that mammalian newborns use for accumulating body adipose tissue and for the development of their nervous system. The major lipids in milk fat are triglycerides, which represent more than 98 percent of the neutral lipids. From a quantitative point of view, there is no difference in the fat content in cow s (3.8 percent) and human milk (3.7 percent), but they do differ in their qualitative composition in fact, in cow s milk the predominant fatty acids are saturated acids, while polyunsaturated acids are the main fatty acids in human milk, as shown in Table 13.3. 

Hazel SJ, Gillespie CM, Moore RJ et al. (1994) Enhanced body growth in uremic rats treated with IGF-I and growth hormone in combination. Kidney Int 46 58-68 Jarusiripipat C, Chan L, Shapiro JI, Schrier RW (1992) Effect of long-acting calcium entry blocker (anipamil) on blood pressure, renal function and survival of uremic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260 243-247... 

Endocrine metabolic Body fluid retention, decreased body growth, hypernatremia, osteoporosis, hypercortisolism, hyperglycemia, primary adrenocortical insufficiency... 

FIGURE 23.10 (A) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) methotrexate N(MtX) concentrations after an intrathecal dose of 12 mg/m. Children designated as open squares and adolescents designated as closed circles had lower concentrations than did adults represented as open circles, and lower concentrations were associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. (B) Growth rate of central nervous system volume relative to whole body growth represented by body surface area. (Reproduced with permission from Bleyer WA. Cancer Treat Rep 1977 61 1419-25.)... 

Human body is unable to synthesise all fatty acids found in the body. Those fatty acids that are not s)mthesized in the body but required for normal body growth and maintenance are called as essential fatty acids. These fatty acids are to be supplied through diet. Linoleic and linolenic acids are essential fatty acids. The longer chain fatty acids can be s)mthesized by the body from dietary linoleic and a-linolenic acids. Arachidonic acid is essential but it can be synthesised by the body from linolenic acid. It is also present in the meat. Linoleic acid is grouped under n-6 family because the 6th carbon from methyl end possesses the double bond. 

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