High temperature lithium batteries

The liquid lithium anode is held in a stainless steel case or nickel fibre pleated wick, and chlorine gas is fed under pressure from external storage 

The most serious problems with this system are, however, concerned with corrosion of cell components and the development of satisfactory 

A typical example of this system might use the ternary eutectic LiF-LiCl-Lil, which melts at 341°C, and a cell operating temperature in the range 350-400°C. The cell would then have the form 

The average emf associated with this process is approximately 2.3 V and the theoretical energy density is 2.6 k Wh/kg at 350°C. 

Lithium alloy-metal sulphide high temperature batteries 

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Lithium Bromide. Lithium biomide [7550-35-8] LiBi, is piepaied from hydiobiomic acid and lithium carbonate oi lithium hydroxide. The anhydrous salt melts at 550°C and bods at 1310°C. Lithium bromide is a component of the low melting eutectic electrolytes ia high temperature lithium batteries. 

Cairns E. J., High Temperature Lithium Batteries in Lithium Battery Technology, H. V. Venkatasetty, ed., Wiley, New York, 1984, p. 179. 

Lithium Chloride. Lithium chloride [7447- 1-8], LiCl, is produced from the reaction of Hthium carbonate or hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. The salt melts at 608°C and bods at 1382°C. The 41-mol % LiCl—59-mol % KCl eutectic (melting point, 352°C) is employed as the electrolyte in the molten salt electrolysis production of Hthium metal. It is also used, often with other alkaH haHdes, in brazing flux eutectics and other molten salt appHcations such as electrolytes for high temperature Hthium batteries. 

Lithium—Aluminum/Metal Sulfide Batteries. The use of high temperature lithium ceUs for electric vehicle appUcations has been under development since the 1970s. Advances in the development of lithium aUoy—metal sulfide batteries have led to the Li—Al/FeS system, where the foUowing ceU reaction occurs. 

Y. E. Ely, D. Aurbach, Proc. Symp. High Power Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, The Electrochemical Society, 1992, p. 157. 

Lithium alloys have been used for a number of years in the high-temperature "thermal batteries" that are produced commercially for military purposes. These devices are designed to be stored for long periods at ambient temperatures before use, where their self-discharge kinetic be-... 

M. Morita, T. Hanada, H. Tsutsumi, Y. Matsuda, in High Power. Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries (Eds. W. D. Clark, G. Hal-pert), The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1992, PV 92-15, p. 101. 

Z, Takehara, Z. Ogumi, Y. Uchimoto, E. Endo, Proc. Symp. on High Power, Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, Phoenix, AZ, 1991, p. 176. 

Kaun TD, Nelson PA, Redey L, Vissers DR, Henriksen GL (1993) High temperature Lithium/Sulfide batteries. Electrochim Acta 38 1269-1287... 

Sodium melts at 98°C and therefore many of the materials problems experienced with the handling of liquid lithium might be expected to occur in the development of high temperature sodium batteries. However, the... 

Fluorination of graphite at high temperature (300-500° C) gives a white powder which approximates to the composition (CF) . X-ray studies indicate that the fluorine atoms are strongly bonded to carbon but are contained between the graphite layers [140]. Graphite fluorides have similar properties to PTFE and have been exploited commercially as speciality lubricants and in high-performance lithium batteries [141]. 

Jia H et al (2011) Novel three dimensional mesoporous silicon for high power lithium ion battery anode material. Adv Energy Mater 1(6) 1036-1039 Jiang Z et al (2013) Facile fabrication of three dimensional Si/SiC composites via one step magnesiothermic reduction at relative low temperature. Mater Res Bull 48 4139-4145 Jung DS et al (2013) Recycling rice husks for high capacity lithium battery anodes. Proc Natl Acad SciUS A 110 12229-12234... 

With knowledge of these requirements, developments have been carried through to improve the lead-acid, nickel/iron, and high-temperature lithium/sulfur systems to the above standards. Outstanding successes were made that can be regarded as milestones of battery development. The first lead battery systems as they were tested in MAN and Mercedes Benz buses, Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz vans, and other experimental vehicles should be mentioned here ... 

High-Temperature Lithium Rechargeable Battery Cells... 

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