Fabrication facility

A. B. Shuck and R. M. Mayfield, The Process Equipment and Protective Enclosures Designedfor the Fuel Fabrication Facility, Facility No. 350, ANL-5499, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, lU., 1956. 

DuPont carried out and supported research and development by others focused on conceptual design studies for an NRC licensed fuel recycle complex based on its successful reprocessing experience and lessons learned from that experience and the experience of others. The design studies were completed and reports issued in November 1978. Costs for the 3000 ton/ycar integrated fuel reprocessing/fabrication facility were estimated at 3.7 billion (1978 dollars). Special features ofthis facility design include ... 

Guide for Venting of Deflagrations Standard on Explosion Prevention System Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities... 

Plutonium compounds, 19 687-691 protection against, 19 702 Plutonium dioxide, 19 688—689 Plutonium fuel fabrication facilities, 17 547 Plutonium-gallium alloys, 19 683-684 Plutonium halides, 19 689-690 Plutonium hexafluoride, 19 689 Plutonium hydrides, 19 690 Plutonium ions... 

A complete set of correct masks is the culmination of the design phase of the development of the microelectronic circuit. The plates are delivered to the wafer-fabrication facility, where they will be used to produce the desired sequence of patterns in a physical structure. 

Other considerations for process selection include fabrication facilities and suitability of the explosive for its intended application (Ref 13)... 

Enriched UF6 is processed into U02 powder at fuel fabrication facilities using one of several methods. In one process uranium hexafluoride is vaporized and then absorbed by water to produce uranyl fluoride, U02F2, solution. Ammonium hydroxide is added to this solution and ammonium diuranate is precipitated. Ammonium diuranate is dried, reduced, and milled to make uranium dioxide powder. The powder is pressed into fuel pellets for nuclear reactors. 

Transuranic Waste Transuranic waste (TRU) results from fuel reprocessing and fuel fabrication facilities, the production of nuclear weapons, and the decommissioning of nuclear reactors or fuel cycle facilities. TRU includes clothing,... 

The United States will probably need three fuel cycle centers. Each would include a reprocessing plant, an advanced fuel fabrication facility, and a waste glassification and storage facility. 

In the commercial technology of 2004, the copper wires in Intel s Pentium 4 logic chip are produced in their newest 300 mm wafer fabrication facility in Ireland, and are 90 nm wide [3]. The use of strained silicon [4] is one of several approaches tested to modify present silicon-based processes to meet the demands of the development roadmap. Now, considering a typical molecular wire, investigated in our lab with a width of 0.4 nm and a length of 2.5 nm, see Fig. 2.1. Compared to the Pentium 4 chip 300 of such molecules, side-by-side, would span the 90 nm metal line. 

Other NFPA documents that are important for specific applications are NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code), NFPA 54 (National Fuel Gas Code), NFPA 75 (Standard for the Protection of Information Technology Equipment), and NFPA 318 (Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities). 

In some applications the design or fabricator will not have the ability to choose freely from all the design, material, and process alternatives. For example, a design is often heavily constrained by the need to fit an existing assembly and the material and process may be determined largely by the need to use existing fabricating facilities. 

One has to remember that these multistep processes were not performed from start to finish, one IC at a time. If that were the case, each chip would cost millions of dollars Instead, a large polished wafer that is currently 300 mm in diameter is used as the base to assemble hundreds of ICs (called dies when they are perforated from the large wafer). It is easy to see why the semiconductor industry has shifted to larger-diameter wafers though the fabrication facility (known as a fab) costs... 

The biological half-time of uranium dioxide in human lungs (occupational exposure) at German fuel fabrication facilities was estimated to be 109 days. Body burden measurements of uranium taken from 12 people who handled uranium oxides for 5-15 years were used for this determination. Twice a year for 6 years, a urinalysis was conducted on workers exposed to uranium. In vivo lung counting was performed on the last day before and the first day after a holiday period. Levels of uranium in feces were measured during the first 3 days and the last 3 days of a holiday period and the first 3 days after the restart of work. For some employees, the levels of uranium in feces was measured during 3 days one-half year after the holiday period (Schieferdecker et al. 1985). 

Product Concentration, and (10) Acid and Water Recycle. Each of these areas has major design problems the WTF supporting a fuel fabrication facility is similar, but without areas 1 and 2. In both cases, all subsystems are integrated so as to operate together in a single, on-site processing building. 

The fast-spectrum reactors with full recycle of actinides would be designed with on-site spent fuel reprocessing and fuel fabrication to minimize the on-site inventory of long-lived radioactive waste. Modern robotic equipment can be used for reactor refueling and for fuel reprocessing. The spent fuel reprocessing and fuel fabrication facilities must be developed to close the nuclear fuel cycle and use all the energy available in natural uranium. 

The decision to implement this solution might be made in 2004, with the intent of having the first reactor on line in 2012. A site will be selected for the research and development center and two permanent reactor fabrication facilities, one on each coast. These facilities will be equipped with the heavy machinery and instrumentation necessary for the construction of high quality, low cost fusion reactors. Early planning and construction will include provisions for the rapid and orderly production of a series of reactors after the final design is fixed. 

There are technological risk associated with the concurrent reactor research and development and the construction of the reactor fabrication facility. This risk is the potential for significant mid stream changes in the design of the reactor. An example can be found in the technology of superconductors. 

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