High pressure fluids controls

J. Hen. Sulfonate-containing polymer/polyanionic cellulose combination for high temperature/high pressure filtration control in water base drilling fluids. Patent US 5(X)8025,1991. 

To remove solids from any vessel provided with built-in sand jets, sand drains are opened in a controlled manner and high-pressure fluid (usually produced water) is pumped through jets to agitate the solids and flush them away, jets are normally designed with a 20-fps jet tip velocity and are aimed to give good coverage of the vessel bottom. 

Many of the disadvantages of ram extrusion are eliminated in hydrostatic extruaon, where the piston is replaced by high pressure fluid. As shown in Fig. 15, the billet stands clear of the cylinder walls, so that this element of friction is eliminated. The pressure transmitting fluid also lubricates the interface between the die and the billet, so that the deformation is essentially plug-flow (i.e. an extensional deformation, identical to drawing polymer with a free surface). Homogeneous oriented sections are therefore produced. A small haul-off force is applied to provide control of the extrusion process, and this also serves to ensure that the extrudates are straight. 

There are several possible controls for reducing dangers of high pressure fluids. 

The turbine is equipped with a digital electro-hydraulic control system which uses a solid-state electronic controller and a high pressure fluid system to control valve movement. 

End Connections of Valves Flanged type should be used in case of high pressure fluids or toxic material flowing through the control valve. It should be tested at 150 % of the working pressure. Screwed type coimection can be used for low pressure service or where dangerous fluids are not being handled. 

All hazardous facilities - offshore or onshore, oil and gas, petrochemical, nuclear, pharmaceutical, etc. - must have clear controls over how maintenance, inspection or test work is carried out on the plant. Hazardous equipment needs to be carefully isolated, and work needs to be carried out in a planned, careful way. Isolation means ensuring that sources of electricity or high-pressure fluid or other hazards cannot reach the equipment being worked on. After the maintenance work is completed, the equipment needs to be tested, de-isolated and re-commissioned carefully. 

In 1954 the surface fluorination of polyethylene sheets by using a soHd CO2 cooled heat sink was patented (44). Later patents covered the fluorination of PVC (45) and polyethylene bottles (46). Studies of surface fluorination of polymer films have been reported (47). The fluorination of polyethylene powder was described (48) as a fiery intense reaction, which was finally controlled by dilution with an inert gas at reduced pressures. Direct fluorination of polymers was achieved in 1970 (8,49). More recently, surface fluorinations of poly(vinyl fluoride), polycarbonates, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate), and the surface fluorination of containers have been described (50,51). Partially fluorinated poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyamides such as nylon have excellent soil release properties as well as high wettabiUty (52,53). The most advanced direct fluorination technology in the area of single-compound synthesis and synthesis of high performance fluids is currently practiced by 3M Co. of St. Paul, Minnesota, and by Exfluor Research Corp. of Austin, Texas. 

Placing the fluid through the tubes is a consideration when special alloy materials aie needed for corrosion control, because the materials would be needed only on the tubes. If the corrosive material is in the shell, both the tubes and the shell would need to be protected with special alloy. It the fluid is at high pressure, it should be put in tubes because tubes can contain high pressure much more cheaply as they are much smaller in diameter than the shell. The low-pressure fluid would be in the shell. If the fluid contains vapor and non-condensable gases, heat transfer will be greater if it is placed in the tubes. If the fluid is scale forming it should be in the tubes, which can be reamed out. 

Fluid power encompasses most applications that use liquids or gases to transmit power in the form of mechanical work, pressure and/or volume in a system. This definition includes all systems that rely on pumps or compressors to transmit specific volumes and pressures of liquids or gases within a closed system. The complexity of these systems range from a simple centrifugal pump used to remove casual water from a basement to complex airplane control systems that rely on high-pressure hydraulic systems. 

The high pressure continuous reactor consists of five Kenics type in-line static mixers, that were connected in series [3]. Each reactor unit has 27 Kenics elements and dimensions of 19 cm tube length and 3.3 mm inner diameter. Acetonylacetone and 1 % NaOH aqueous solution were pumped into the in-line static mixer reactor using two independent HPLC pumps. The in-line static mixer reactors were immersed in a constant temperature controlled oil bath at 200 °C so that the reaction mixture was heated to the reaction temperature. When the reaction was completed, the fluid was cooled down rapidly in a constant temperature cold bath at 0 °C. At the end of the cooling line, a backpressure regulator was placed to allow experiments to be run at 34 bar. 

Filter-cakes are hard to remove and thus can cause considerable formation damage. Cakes with very low permeability can be broken up by reverse flow. No high-pressure spike occurs during the removal of the filter-cake. Typically a high-pressure spike indicates damage to the formation and wellbore surface because damage typically reduces the overall permeability of the formation. Often formation damage results from the incomplete back-production of viscous, fluid loss control pills, but there may be other reasons. 

D. Crawford. High pressure high temperature (HPHT) fluid loss control aid for drilling fluids. Patent WO 0026322, 2000. 

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