Herbicides, manufacture

Eabels, books, and sales Hterature from herbicide manufacturers. 

Isopropjiamine is the most widely used of the propylamines. Most of it is consumed ia herbicide manufacture, primarily ia productioa of 2-chloro-4-ethyl-6-isopropylamiao-yy -tria2iae. A smaller quantity is used for pesticide manufacture (40,44). Diisopropylamine is used chiefly ia pesticides (qv) and as a corrosion inhibitor, eg, diisopropylammonium nitrate (see Corrosion and corrosion control) (44,45). 

Nufarm (Melbourne) 6000 Gaseous chlorine to integrated herbicide manufacture Lurgi membrane cells... 

Forsberg B, Nordstrom S. 1985. Miscarriages around a herbicide manufacturing company in Sweden. Ambio 14 110-111. 

This method was applied to 2- or 4-bromopyridine derivatives and used to produce the corresponding bipyridines, useful as intermediates for herbicide manufacture. Because arylsilvers are more stable, heating was required in this case (Scheme 10.15).29... 

A number of cohort studies on workers exposed to PCDD/Fs during the manufacture of chlorinated herbicides or phenols have been reported. Analysis of the cancer mortality data from 5712 workers in herbicide manufacturing plants in... 

Pesticides Manufacturing Herbicides Manufacturing Fungicides Manufacturing Chemical Intermediates Manufacturing... 

Pyridine is a solvent used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. Approximately 50% of pyridine produced is used as an intermediate in insecticide and herbicide manufacture. Another 20% is used to produce piperidine. It can be introduced into the environment by the decomposition of many natural materials. 

Use Herbicide, manufacture of organic chemicals and drugs, treatment of sickle-cell anemia. 

Phenoxyalkanoic acids, introduced in the middle of the 1940s, are even today the most important selective herbicides, manufactured and used in the largest quantity. Owing to their particular selectivity, their wide field of applicability and their economy, demand for this type of herbicide continues to increase. In 1974 and 1975, 200 000 to 300 000 tons, yearly about 55-60% of the world herbicide production, was phenoxy acid compounds. 

Two studies have reported malignant lymphoma mortality for the chemical manufacturing Industry (Table IV). Lynge ( ), in a study of cancer Incidence in a cohort of 4,459 persons who had been Involved in phenoxy herbicide manufacture in Denmark, found 7 cases of malignant lymphoma among males, whereas 5.4 would have been expected (RR-1.30 95% Cl 0.52-2.69). None of the 7 cases were recorded as having participated in the manufacture or packaging of phenoxy herbicides. 

This chapter introduces XYZ Chemical, the company that will be used to illustrate the concepts presented in this book. XYZ Chemical primarily engages in pesticide and herbicide manufacturing operations in the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America. A corporate-level review of the chemical hazards is presented in Chapter 3, and the review focuses on the hazardous material transportation operations of a single Asian facility in Chapters 4-8. The specific chemicals and operations are detailed in the later chapters. 

XYZ Chemical has similar operations consisting primarily of pesticide and herbicide manufacturing operations in the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America. Since the operations are similar, the prioritization process (illustrated in Table 3.4) consists of cataloging all chemicals in transit (in and out of their facilities), modes of transport, qnantities, and nnmber of annual shipments. Specifically, the prioritization process is a combination of the hazards- and consequence-based prioritization processes illnstrated in Figure 3.4. If this process were expanded to a likelihood- or risk-based process, then additional factors (e.g., the number of shipment, length of shipment) may have been included in the prioritization. With this data collected, the hazards of each chemical and the potential impacts are docnmented based on the chemical physical properties and quantities in transit. With all of the information collected, the following qualitative ranking is nsed to prioritize issnes for escalation and identification of countries and operations that will need to condnct more detailed risk analyses ... 

Pollutants treated in synthetic solutions include phenols, aromatic amines, quinones, glucose, carboxylic acids, tannic acid, herbicides, pesticides, surfactants, dyes, etc. [2-5]. Some papers have considered the treatment of real effluents including human wastes, landfill leachates, tannery wastes, dye plant effluents, and herbicide manufacture effluents [4—7]. 

The oxidation of phenols to catechols or hydroquinones by tyrosinase enzymes has been developed for biocatalysis. For example, the ortho-hydroxylation of L-tyrosine 162 (and also substituted variants) to give l-DOPA 163 has been extensively studied due to the importance of l-DOPA in the treatment of Parkinson s disease [92, 93]. An arene hydroxy lating enzyme having a broad substrate scope is 2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas azelaica, which is able to oxidize many ortho-substituted phenols 68 to the corresponding catechols 127 [94], as shown in Scheme 32.19. A notable example of an industrial biocatalytic arene hydroxylation that has been employed on very large scale (lOOm fermentation) is the pora-hydroxylation of R)-2-phenoxypropionic acid 164 by whole cells of Beauveria bassiana Lu 700 to give (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid 165, an important intermediate in herbicide manufacture [95]. 

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