Hepatocellular carcinoma malignant

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in patients with chronic liver diseases associated with hepatitis B and hepatitis C vims infections with high incidences. Here, an acyclic retinoid has been shown to suppress the posttherapeutic recurrence after interferon-y or glycerrhicin treatment in cirrhotic patients who underwent curative treatment of preceding tumors. The retinoid induced the disappearance of serum lectin-reactive a-fetoprotein (AFP-L3), a tumor marker indicating the presence of unrecognizable tumors in the remnant liver, suggesting a deletion of such minute (pre)malignant clones (clonal deletion). As a molecular mechanism of the clonal deletion, a novel mechanism of... 

Increased mortality, tremors, growth reduction elevated incidence of thyroid neoplasms and malignancies in all treated animals, but no hepatocellular carcinomas (IARC 1979 USEPA 1988)... 

Hepatic lesions (adenomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc) Rarely, benign and malignant hepatic adenomas have been associated with the use of hormonal contraceptives. Severe abdominal pain, shock, or death may be due to rupture and hemorrhage of a liver tumor. 

Tumor-promoting effect. A 28-year-old man who abused alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis for several years was investigated. He suffered simultaneously from a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx with bilateral cervical metastases, an adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon and a primary hepatocellular carcinoma. There were occurrences of three separate malignant tumors with different histologies in the aerodigestive tract, which could be related to a chronic abuse of cannabis . 

Both benign and malignant liver tumors may arise from exposure to hepatotoxins and can be derived from various cell types. Thus, adenomas have been associated with the use of contraceptive steroids and exposure to aflatoxin Bi, and dimethylnitrosamine can produce hepatocellular carcinomas, whereas vinyl chloride causes hemangiosarcomas derived from the vasculature (see chap. 7). 

Carbon tetrachloride was tested for carcinogenicity in several experiments in mice by oral and intrarectal administration and in rats by oral and subcutaneous administration and by inhalation exposure it was also tested in one experiment in hamsters and one experiment in trout by oral administration. In various strains of mice, it produced liver tumours, including hepatocellular carcinomas. In various strains of rats, it produced benign and malignant liver tumours and in one experiment with subcutaneous injection, an increased incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas was observed. In hamsters and trout, increased incidences of liver tumours were observed however, these studies were considered to be inadequate (lARC 1979). 

Nitropropane was tested for carcinogenicity in one experiment in rats by oral administration and two experiments in rats by inhalation exposure. It induced benign and malignant liver tumours following oral administration and hepatocellular carcinomas in one inhalation experiment and an increased incidence of hepatocellular nodules in the other. 2-Nitropropane showed initiating activity in rat liver in two experiments. 

Evidence that focal nodular hyperplasia tends to degenerate into malignant tumours is still lacking. Hepatocellular adenomas pose the (rare) risk of developing into hepatocellular carcinoma (M. Davis et al., 1975). Several cases have been published in recent years. (44,86,119) We can add our own observation here. (s. fig. 29.14)... 

Fig. 29.14 Liver cell adenoma after 21 years use of oestrogens, with subcapsular focal bleedings and malignant degeneration (hepatocellular carcinoma) (s. tab. 29.10)...

The morphological spectrum may therefore range from steatosis, acute hepatitis, fulminant course, chronic hepatitis, aggressive episodes in chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis through to micronodular cirrhosis. Complete cirrhosis can already exist in children aged 4-5 years. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is extremely rare (360) it is assumed that copper has a protective effect against malignant transformation. (391,393)... 

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) originates in the hepatocytes consequently, HCC resembles liver parenchyma in morphology. It may present as highly differentiated, moderately differentiated or undifferentiated (anaplastic). The most common (and basic) structure is the trabecular localization of tumour cells around sinusoidal vessels. Clinically, HCC is considered to be an extremely malignant, rapidly progressing form. Therapeutic measures still remain limited. 

Malignant processes Cholangiocarcinoma Cystic carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma ... 

The risk of malignant disease in renal transplant recipients increases with time after the transplant. The commonest cancers in this setting are squamous carcinoma of the skin and lip, in situ carcinoma of the cervix, and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. An increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported (93). In Austraha and New Zealand tumors of the... 

The SCS, applied to the MR spectra, has the potential to provide accurate identification of HCC in small biopsies and hence improved management of malignant liver disease. Such a method is of particular importance for the assessment of small, radiologically undetectable hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis, particularly those awaiting transplants. 

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