Liver parenchyma

The histopathological examination of mice liver performed after a single dose of dibromobenzenes shows that 2 and 2 isomers resulted in zonal coagulative or haemorragic necrosis. It affected from 25-50 % to over 50 % of the liver parenchyma (i.e. 4-5 arbitrary units). 4 caused necrosis of only individual hepatocytes. 

During occupational exposure, respiratory absorption of soluble and insoluble nickel compounds is the major route of entry, with gastrointestinal absorption secondary (WHO 1991). Inhalation exposure studies of nickel in humans and test animals show that nickel localizes in the lungs, with much lower levels in liver and kidneys (USPHS 1993). About half the inhaled nickel is deposited on bronchial mucosa and swept upward in mucous to be swallowed about 25% of the inhaled nickel is deposited in the pulmonary parenchyma (NAS 1975). The relative amount of inhaled nickel absorbed from the pulmonary tract is dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the nickel compound (USEPA 1986). Pulmonary absorption into the blood is greatest for nickel carbonyl vapor about half the inhaled amount is absorbed (USEPA 1980). Nickel in particulate matter is absorbed from the pulmonary tract to a lesser degree than nickel carbonyl however, smaller particles are absorbed more readily than larger ones (USEPA 1980). Large nickel particles (>2 pm in diameter) are deposited in the upper respiratory tract smaller particles tend to enter the lower respiratory tract. In humans, 35% of the inhaled nickel is absorbed into the blood from the respiratory tract the remainder is either swallowed or expectorated. Soluble nickel compounds... 

Intraperitoneal injection route 20 mg/kg BW, single injection All dead within 2 h. Silver granules in liver parenchyma and kidney tubules 3... 

BaP alone produced glycogen depletion in liver cadmium alone caused hepatic perivascular fibrosis. Mixture produced complete disorganization of the hepatic parenchyma, including nuclear degeneration higher increase in EROD activity (by 19-fold), BaP hydroxylase activity (by 71-fold), and cytochrome P-450 microsomal content by 2-fold... 

NS) 5 d/wk 7 hr/d Hepatic 96 158 (increased relative liver weight cloudy swelling or degeneration of parenchyma) ... 

The first extensively tested RES-specific contrast agent on the basis of iodinated lipids was EOE-13 with its precursors, AG 52-315 and AG 60-99. EOE-13 is an aqueous emulsion of the iodinated ester of poppy seed oil and is able to selectively enhance the normal liver and spleen parenchyma [10-12]. However, severe adverse events such as headache, fever and chills prevented further use of these contrast agents [13-15], although their extent could be decreased by hydrocortisone given prior to contrast injection. 

Recently, there has been success in generating cocultures that more faithfully reproduce in vivo metastatic microenvironments. An ex vivo microscale liver perfusion bioreactor was used to assess metastatic seeding, mimicking the salient features of fluid dynamics and functionality of hepatic parenchyma. Invasion and subsequent growth of breast and prostate carcinoma cells were detected by two-photon microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells. Tumors... 

Peliosis hepatis (presence of blood-filled cysts in parenchyma of liver), hepatic neoplasms, and hepatocellular carcinoma have been associated with prolonged high dosage. 

Oxyclozanide possesses activity against only adult flukes, but at elevated dosage levels some activity against the later parenchyma stages (flukes of more than 4 weeks of age), may be obtained. In sheep and cattle, recommended oral dosages are 10-15 mg/kg bw. It is frequently combined with levamisole or oxibc-ndazole for combined treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes and liver fluke infections. 

Hexachlorophen is a very efficient drug against mature flukes in sheep and cattle, but is not effective in removing immature flukes from the liver parenchyma. This is due, at least in part, to the protein-binding tendency of the drug in blood and the consequent reduced availability to the immature flukes, which are bathed in blood. 

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