Metabolism of lead

HydroxyNPYR [ ] has been identified as a urinary metabolite of NPYR in the rat (up to 1% of the dose), but was not detected when NPYR was incubated with subcellular fractions from rat liver and lung (13, 20). It has been proposed that further metabolism of leads to dimethy 1 amine, [ ], another urinary metabolite of NPYR, 2-Pyrrolidinone [3 ] has also been detected in the urine of rats treated with NPYR. Its origin has not been conclusively established, but it may form from pyrrol id inone-2-oxime (i6). 

Normal Metabolism of Lead. Archives of Environmental Health. 8 (1964) ... 

HammondPB. 1982. Metabolism of lead. In Chisolm JJ, O Hara DM, eds. Lead absorption in children Management, clinical and environmental aspects. Baltimore, MD Urban and Schwarzenberg, 11-20. 

Kehoe RA. 1961a. The metabolism of lead in man in health and disease Present hygienic problems relating to the absorption of lead The Harben lectures, 1960. J R Inst Public Health Hyg 24 177-203. 

Pounds JG, Marlar RJ, Allen JR. 1978. Metabolism of lead-210 in juvenile and adult Rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 19 684-691. 

Reichert, W.L., D.A. Federighi, and D.C. Malins. 1979. Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63C 229-234. 

Application of radionuclides in life sciences is of the greatest importance, and the largest single user of radionuclides is nuclear medicine. Shortly after the discovery of Ra in 1898 by Marie Curie and its subsequent isolation from pitchblende in amounts of 0.1 to 1 g, the finding that this element was useful as a radiation source led to the first application of radionuclides in medicine. In 1921, de Hevesy investigated the metabolism of lead in plants by use of natural radioisotopes of Pb. 

The general consensus, until recently, has been that the average fractional gastrointestinal absorption of ingested lead is ca. 8% [6,7]. However, Chamber-lain and co-workers [10] have related the results of their detailed studies of the metabolism of lead to various data used to derive the above average and conclude that a more realistic average absorption of 13-18% should be applied for adults. These higher values appear necessary to account for the concentrations of lead found in blood and urine. 

The recent report by Chamberlain and co-workers provides one of the most comprehensive investigations of the intake, uptake and metabolism of lead, presenting both new data and a review of the literature [10]. In their studies... 

The uptake and metabolism of lead is summarized in Fig. 7.7. This model represents a synthesis of the information presented by Chamberlain et al [10] and Rabinowitz et al [8, 15]. It must, nevertheless, remain somewhat speculative at the present time, although it is numerically self-consistent. Furthermore, it represents typical conditions, at least in so far as one can typify... 

Fig. 7.7 Tentative model of metabolism of lead in healthy adult males. (See text for further...

Kehoe, R. A. (1961), The Metabolism of Lead under Abnormal Conditions, /. Roy. Inst. Public Health, 24,101-43. 

Kehoe RA (1961) The metabolism of lead in health and disease. J. Roy. Inst. Publ. Hlth. 24 101... 

Kostial K, Kello D, Harrison GE (1973) Comparative metabolism of lead and calcium in young and adult rats. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed 31 159-161 Kostial K, Kello D, Jugo S, Rabar I, Maljkovic (1978) The influence of age on metal metabolism and toxicity. Environ. Health Perspect 25 81-86 Kostial K, Kello D (1979) Bioavailability of lead in rats fed "human diets. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol 21 312-314... 

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