Extracellular gold

Serum Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in humans (and other mammals) with a concentration of about 600 p,M in healthy humans. Around 80-90% of the extracellular gold in the circulation is bound to albumin and about... 

Excluding gold complexes that caimot transverse the membrane such as AuSTm, intracellular gold concentrations must approach equilibrium with extracellular gold concentrations if active transport is not at work. The balance of gold between the environment of a cell and within the cell will depend on the ligands available. 

Under physiological conditions, transfer of Et3PAufrom hemoglobin to albumin has been observed. The transfer is direct and does not require a low-molecular weight thiol such as GSH as an intermediary and indicates that inter-protein transfer of gold can occur spontaneously. The rapid and efficient manner of establishing this equilibrium (for transauration ) could determine many ofthe effects of intracellular and extracellular chemistry of gold. 

McNay EC, Eries TM, Gold PE. 2000. Decreases in rat extracellular hippocampal glucose concentration associated with cognitive demand during a spatial task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(6) 2881-2885. 

McNay EC, Gold PE. 1999. Extracellular glucose concentrations in the rat hippocampus measured by zero-net-flux effects of microdialysis flow rate, strain, and age. J Neurochem 72(2) 785-790. 

McNay EC, Gold PE. 2001. Age-related differences in hippocampal extracellular fluid glucose concentration during behavioral testing and following systemic glucose administration. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56(2) B66-B71. 

Gold MH, Wariishi H,Valli K (1989) Extracellular peroxidases involved in lignin degradation by the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. In Whitaker JR, Sonnet PE (eds) Biocatalysis in agricultural biotechnology. ACS symposium series 389. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p 127 Thomas JA, Morris DR, Hager LP (1970) J Biol Chem 245 3135... 

Renganathan V, Miki K, Gold MH (1987) Haloperoxidase Reactions Catalyzed by Lignin Peroxidase, an Extracellular Enzyme from the Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysospo-rium. Biochemistry 26 5127... 

As opposed to the DNA vaccination via PMGT, where DNA is introduced directly into cells by gold particles, the extracellularly-delivered DNA after needle and syringe injection has to overcome the physical barrier of the cell membrane via a passive and rather ineffective process. This very inefficient DNA uptake is most likely the reason for the large quantities of DNA needed to induce immune responses in vivo, especially in larger animals and human. Increased gene expression in vivo can be achieved by... 

Keywords Biofunctionalisation Cell adhesion Extracellular matrix Gold nanopatterns Integrins... 

Cat B is an abundant and ubiquitously expressed cysteine peptidase of the papain family and makes up a major fraction of lysosomal enzymes that is capable of degrading components of the extracellular matrix in various diseases [30-32]. Cat B is also a prognostic marker for several types of cancer [33], and increased expression and secretion of cat B has been shown to be involved in the migration and invasion of various tumours [34—36], The precise role of cat B in solid tumours is not fully understood, but it has been proposed to participate, along with other cysteine cathepsins, in metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumour progression [37], Indeed, cat B inhibitors reduce both tumour cell motility and invasiveness in vitro [38], Recently, metal complexes based on rhenium, gold and palladium were shown to be effective inhibitors of cat B [39-44],... 

Gold MH, Kuwahara M, Chiu AA et al (1984) Purification and characterization of an extracellular H202-requiring diarylpropane oxygenase from the white rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Arch Biochem Biophys 234 353-362... 

Glenn JK, Akileswaran L, Gold MH (1986) Mn(II) oxidation is the principal function of the extracellular Mn-peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Arch Biochem Biophys 251 688-696... 

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