Health effects supplements

For an excellent, comprehensive review of the chemistry, environmental, and anthropogenic release, environmental fate, and environmental and human health effects of lead, see Air Quality Criteria for Eead, Vol. I—IV, EPA-600/8-83/028a-dF, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., June 1986, -Msd Air Quality Criteria for Eead Supplement to the 1986 Addendum, EPA-600/8-89/049F, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1990. 

Many epidemiological studies have analyzed the correlations between different carotenoids and the various forms of cancer and a lot of conclusions converge toward protective effects of carotenoids. Many studies were carried out with (i-carotene. The SUVIMAX study, a primary intervention trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals, revealed that a supplementation of p-carotene (6 mg/day) was inversely correlated with total cancer risk. Intervention studies investigating the association between carotenoids and different types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases are reported in Table 3.1.2 and Table 3.1.3. 

A second unanswered concern is whether the antibody induced by the recombinant protein has any discernible health effect. Other than some reports of neutralization of biological activity, little pathology has been attributed to the presence of antibodies in patients given recombinant protein therapy. It should also be noted that the question of antibody specificity has not been well studied, so that it is entirely conceivable that autoimmune pathology or even an anaphylaxis response could be induced. Equally important is the concern that induced antibody might neutralize the endogenous hormone or protein that it is intended to replace or supplement. 

Psyllium is an excellent dietary source for both soluble and insoluble fibers and has been used in supplemental and food products for its beneficial health effects. The strong water-absorbing and gelling capacities have made it a great challenge to incorporate psyllium in foods at the level needed to claim health benefits on the label. This review is focused on the approaches to improve the functionality. 

EPA. 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health effects summary tables. Supplement No. 1 to the March 1993 annual update. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA 540-R-93-058. 

Sharma, J. N., K. C. Srivastava, and E. K. Gan. Suppressive effects of eugenol and ginger oil on arthritic rats. Pharmacology 1994 49(5) 314-318. Shanmugasundaram, K. R., S. Rama-nujam, and E. R. Shanmugasundaram. Amrita Bindu—a salt-spice herbal health food supplement for the prevention of nitrosamine induced depletion of antioxidants. J Ethnopharmacol 1994 42(2) 83-93. 

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) UL is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects may increase. The UL is not intended to be a recommended level of intake. ULs are useful because of the increased availability of fortified foods and the increased use of dietary supplements. The UL applies to chronic daily use. For some nutrients, there may be insufficient data on which to develop a UL. 

The data on the long-term health effects of creatine supplementation is extremely limited. However, at least one animal study has found that creatine caused a decline in kidney function in rats with existing renal (kidney) disease. In addition, published case reports have indicated that creatine can cause further renal impairment in people with pre-existing kidney disease. However, several studies of healthy athletes have shown that both short-term and extended creatine supplementation had no effect on kidney function. 

Dietary) Supplement A product containing one or more ingredients meant to have an effect on health. Dietary supplements are considered neither foods nor medications. 

HEAST (1995). Health Effects Assessment Summary Table—FY-1995 Supplement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/540/R-95/ 142 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington). 

Many studies have examined the human health effects from exposure to sulfur dioxide. The next section examines the effects of experimental, accidental, occupational, and community exposures however, more complete reviews are available in the Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Dioxide (ATSDR 1998) Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (EPA 1982) and Supplement to the Second Addendum (1986) to Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (1982) (EPA 1994a,b). 

The growing interest in selenium speciation is due to its toxic and/or essential properties that depend on the actual physicochemical form of the element. Strong evidence exists on the adverse health effects related to selenium deficiency. It was also demonstrated that supplementation with different selenium forms might help to remove the symptoms of deficit. Selenium has been found in the active site of different antioxidant enzymes, protecting cells against the action of free radicals. The species-dependent cancer-preventive properties are well documented, yet the specific biological functions have not been ultimately elucidated. The list of small selenium compounds includes inorganic forms (two stable valence states), volatile alkylated species, and... 

The impact of plant products on the metabolism of synthetic dmgs results from the inhibition or activation of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Evaluation of the potential activation of CYP by administration of natural plant products or dietary supplements is important for prediction of interactions between their components and dmgs. Therefore, attention is directed to research on the impact of products available on the food market known as natural non-nutritive substances on dmg absorption. Non-nutritive dietary components are mainly secondary plant metabolites, which include, among others, phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. The health effects of non-nutritive substances are not yet known. So far, there is no answer on the extent to which they are absorbed and metabolized by the body, and there is no information on the permitted daily intake for these compounds. This information is particularly important because certain non-nutritive natural substances are simultaneously considered to be anti-nutritional factors, mainly because they inhibit digestion and reduce the bioavailability of nutrients or dmgs. It is also possible that they form undesirable interactions with dmgs. The positive health effects of non-nutritive natural substances are not only attributed to their antioxidant properties. These substances are involved in various metabolic... 

A concern has been raised that phytosterol doses that are effective for cholesterol reduction may impair the absorption and lower blood concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. A number of studies showed that phytosterols had no effect on plasma concentrations of vitamin D, retinol, or plasma-lipid-standardized alpha-tocopherol. Moreover, the reports of the effect of phytosterols on concentrations of blood carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, and alpha-carotene) are controversial. There seems to be general agreement that phytosterol doses >1 g/d significantly decrease LDL-C standardized beta-carotene concentrations however, it remains to be determined whether a reported 15-20% reduction in beta-carotene due to phytosterol supplementation is associated with adverse health effects. Noakes et al. found that consumption of one or more carotenoid-rich vegetable or fruit servings a day was sufficient to prevent lowering of plasma carotenoid concentrations in 46 subjects with hypercholesterolemia treated with 2.3 g of either sterol or stanol esters. 

Smith TJ, Hammon SK, Wong O. 1993. Health effects of gasoline exposure. I. Exposure assessment for U.S. distribution workers. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements 101 (Suppl. 6) 13-21. 

Supplemental GLP standards for the development of data on physical, chemical, persistence, and ecological effects of chemical substances for which the EPA requires testing under section 4 of TSCA were published on November 21, 1980 (13). The EPA took this action because the previously published GLPs for health effects testing did not address the analytical problems associated with physical, chemical, and persistence testing. 

Where sufficient toxicologic information is available, we have derived minimal risk levels (MRLs) for inhalation and oral routes of entry at each duration of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). These MRLs are not meant to support regulatory action but to acquaint health professionals with exposure levels at which adverse health effects are not expected to occur in humans. They should help physicians and public health officials determine the safety of a community living near a chemical emission, given the concentration of a contaminant in air or the estimated daily dose in water. MRLs are based largely on toxicological studies in animals and on reports of human occupational exposure. MRL users should be familiar with the toxicologic information on which the number is based. Chapter 2.5, "Relevance to Public Health," contains basic information known about the substance. Other sections such as 2.8, "Interactions with Other Substances, and 2.9, "Populations that are Unusually Susceptible" provide important supplemental information. 

Some epidemiological studies report data from populations exposed to selenium in the food chain in areas with high selenium levels in soil. It is likely that selenite, selenate, and the selenium found in food and in dietary supplements comprise the majority of selenium compounds to which oral, off-site selenium exposures will occur at or near hazardous waste sites. Aside from the variation in effective dose, the health effects from exposure to selenate, selenite, and dietary selenium are not expected to differ greatly. However, oral exposures to many other compounds of selenium could occur (primarily through soil or edible plant ingestion) if those compounds were deposited at the site, or if local environmental conditions greatly favor transformation to those forms. Heavy metal selenides, aluminum selenide, tungsten diselenides, and cadmium selenide are used in industry and may end up in waste sites. 

Cretins or other individuals with iodine or thyroid deficiencies may be more sensitive to adverse health effects from selenium exposure (Contempre et al. 1991b, 1992). Iodine supplementation of these individuals without selenium supplementation may further exacerbate the effects. The elderly may be less susceptible to the negative effects of selenium and more prone to selenium deficiencies. A number of researchers have reported lower absorption of selenium and lower selenium tissue concentrations in the elderly compared to younger adults (Martin et al. 1991 Morisi et al. 1989). 

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