Community Exposure

CHRONIC COMMUNITY EXPOSURE Hazardous Waste Sites 

Stress reactions to occupational and community chemical exposures occur in both acute and chronic forms. Much of the literature pertaining to community reactions to chronic chemical exposures involves hazardous waste sites. By 1988, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified 29,300 sites needing cleanup. The EPA listed 950 of them on the National Priorities List, also known as the Superfund sites [Health Aspects of the Disposal of Waste Chemicals 1986 Upton et al. 1989). Several sources review the medical and environmental aspects of hazardous waste sites (Andelman and Underhill 1987 Committee on Environmental Epidemiology 1991 Epstein et al. 1982 Health Aspects of the Disposal of Waste Chemicals 1986 Petts 1994 Weisaeth 1984). The most common chemicals in these sites include trichloroethylene, lead, toluene, benzene, chloroform, polychlorinated biphenyls, and miscellaneous solvents (Upton et al. 1989). 

Hazardous waste sites affected the communities of Legler Township, New Jersey, and Woburn, Massachusetts, the latter being the basis of a movie and best-selling book (Harr 1995). In another case 

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Standards and guidance levels for workplace and community exposures are listed in Table 1-12. The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA 1955) stated that 50-100 ppm could probably be tolerated for 60 min based on... 

A new gin for ginning spindle-picked cotton was constructed in the Mississippi Delta in 1977. The layout of the machinery, doors, and waste collecting system was designed to reduce worker and community exposure to airborne dust by optimizing functional area locations with respect to the prevailing winds from the southwest and northwest. Dust levels were measured in this gin (16) during the peak of the ginning period in 1979, and were found to be ... 

Emergency Response Capabilities Community Exposures Environmental Exposures Investment at Risk Control... 

Lewis, S.C., J.R. Lynch, and A.L. Nikiforov. 1990. A new approach to deriving community exposure guidelines from no-observed-adverse-effect levels. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 11 314—330. 

If workplace exposure to the chemical is large compared with both endogenous and community exposures, the biomarker could be very useful as a tool for preventing adverse health effects, even with the less sensitive analytic LOD2 method. There might also be cases where the extent of community exposure may overlap with occupational exposure and still... 

Fagliano JA, Savrin J, Udasin I, et al. 1997. Community exposure and medical screening near chromium waste sites in New Jersey. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 26 S13-S22. 

The goal of the conceptual exposure model is to establish exposure links via exposure pathways to exposure routes and relative magnitude of uptake or intake by different exposure routes (Figure A2.1). Based on the current consensus of the scientific community, exposure is defined in terms of contact with the visible exterior of the person. These contact points include the skin and the openings into the body, such as mouth and nostrils. 

Because of such problems with studies of communities, and the availability of more carefully controlled human experimental and occupational studies, community studies are less appropriate for assessing the Navy s proposed SEALs. Community exposures also generally occur over longer periods than those considered by the SEALs. Therefore, not all of the available community studies are reviewed and presented here. 

Shy, C.M., J.P.Creason, M.E.Pearlman, K.E.McClain, F.B.Benson, and M.M.Young. 1970a. The Chattanooga school children study Effects of community exposure to nitrogen dioxide. I. Methods, description of pollutant exposure, and results of ventilatory function testing. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 20(8) 539-545. 

Many studies have examined the human health effects from exposure to sulfur dioxide. The next section examines the effects of experimental, accidental, occupational, and community exposures however, more complete reviews are available in the Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Dioxide (ATSDR 1998) Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (EPA 1982) and Supplement to the Second Addendum (1986) to Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (1982) (EPA 1994a,b). 

Community exposure studies typically included concomitant exposures to particles, so the studies have limited utility in defining causation sulfur dioxide was but one of several agents contributing to observed effects. The epidemiologic studies suggest that the respiratory effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide in combination with particles, are greater than are the effects caused by sulfur dioxide alone in healthy individuals-especially in the elderly and those with preexisting cardiac or respiratory disease (WHO 1979). 

A. Chatt et al. Scalp hair as a monitor of community exposure to environmental pollutants. Hair, Trace Elements Sr Human Illness. A.C. Brown and R. Crouse, Editors. Praeger Publishers, New York, 1980, pp. 46-73. 

Community Exposure to Vinyl Chloride (Kuzmack and McGaughy 1975)... 

Kuzmack, A. M., and McGaughy, R. E. (1975). Quantitative Risk Assessment for Community Exposure to Vinyl Chloride. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 

CHRONIC COMMUNITY EXPOSURE Hazardous Waste Sites... 

Ames RG, Howd RA, Doherty L Community exposure to a paraquat drift. Arch Environ Health 48 47-52, 1993... 

Dayal HH, Baranowski T, Li YH, et al Hazardous chemicals psychological dimensions of the health sequelae of a community exposure in Texas. J Epidemiol Community Health 48 560-568, 1994... 

Wu S and Feng X (2000) Appendix B A collocation study to evaluate samplers used for collecting airborne particulate matter. In The Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program Methods Report, B-1 to B-20, Alberta, Canada Alberta Department of Health and Wellness. 

Emergency Re.sponse Planning Guidelines. AIHA, Akron, OH. Amc.s, R. G.. and Stratton, J. W, (1991). Acute health cffecbs from community exposure to JV-propyl mercaptan from an cthoprop (Mocap)-treated potato field in Siskiyou County, California. Arch. Environ. Health 46,213-217. 

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