Health effects related

The results from the consequence analysis step are estimates of the statistically expected exposure of the target population to the hazard of interest and the safety/health effects related to that level of exposure. For example ... 

THE ROLE OF CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY IN MINIMIZING ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS RELATED TO CHEMICAL DISASTERS... 

Looking at the extent of occurrence of OPERs, concerns rise about possible health effects related to constant exposure to these chemicals. Updated safety levels have been suggested for TCP and TDCiPP [67]. 

The database for health effects related to dermal exposure to chlorine dioxide or chlorite is extremely limited. No reports were located regarding adverse effects in humans following dermal exposure to chlorine dioxide or chlorite. Available information in animals is restricted to a report that a solution containing chlorine dioxide concentrations of approximately 9.7-11.4 mg/L was nonirritating to the skin of mice in a 48-hour test. Dermal exposure to high concentrations would be expected to result in irritation, due to the oxidizing properties of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. Sodium chlorite was not carcinogenic in mice treated dermally for 51 weeks. Nor did sodium chlorite appear to be a cancer promoter in mice... 

In M0lhave, (2000a) it is argued that three classes of health effects exist in relation to health, IAQ, and guideline setting. They are called priority, secondary, and hypothetical or potential pollutants and health effects related to these pollutants. This chapter mainly deals with secondary health effects. 

Based on the results in humans and animals, lethality is a major public health concern associated with long-term low-level or short-term high-level exposure to radium. As discussed previously, total cumulative intake appears to be the most important factor in relation to health effects related to radium exposure. 

ISAAC-II Study is evaluating health effects related to exposure to indoor pollutants in children (European Commission 2004). 

There was no evidence that any of the residents of the village had suffered adverse health effects related to cadmium. 

Schultz, T.W., and Seward, J.R., Health-effects related structure-toxicity relationships a paradigm for the first decade of the new millennium, Sci. Total Environ., 249, 73-84, 2000. 

This chapter provides information on the health consequences associated with commonly occurring environmentai disasters and emergencies. Nurses responding to the needs of populations and communities affected by environmental disasters and/or emergencies require an understanding of (a) the immediate health effects related to the event, (b) the potential for long-term... 

The growing interest in selenium speciation is due to its toxic and/or essential properties that depend on the actual physicochemical form of the element. Strong evidence exists on the adverse health effects related to selenium deficiency. It was also demonstrated that supplementation with different selenium forms might help to remove the symptoms of deficit. Selenium has been found in the active site of different antioxidant enzymes, protecting cells against the action of free radicals. The species-dependent cancer-preventive properties are well documented, yet the specific biological functions have not been ultimately elucidated. The list of small selenium compounds includes inorganic forms (two stable valence states), volatile alkylated species, and... 

Provide information on whether delayed or immediate effects can be expected after short or long term exposure. Also provide information on acute and chronic health effects relating to human exposure to the substance or mixture. Where human data are not available, animal data should be summarised and the species clearly identified. It should be indicated in the SDS whether toxicological data is based on human or animal data. 

A summary of the nature of radioactive contamination would be incomplete without some mention of the human health effects related to radioactivity and radioactive materials. Several excellent reviews at a variety of levels of detail have been written and should be consulted by the reader (ATSDR, 1990a,b,c, 1999, 2001 Harley, 2001 Cember, 1996 BEIR V, 1988). The subject is extremely complex, with a number of important controversies that are beyond the scope of this chapter. Some general principles, however, are summarized below. 

The concerns of the residents intensified in May, 1980 when the EPA announced that a study had found chromosome damage in 11 of 36 Love Canal residents tested. This study had serious scientific flaws but was widely publicized and became the focus of deep debate. The results of the chromosome study, as well as those from the studies of fetal outcomes, were evaluated by an expert panel which was established by the Governor of New York soon after the release of the chromosome damage reports. This expert group, known as the Thomas panel, came to the conclusion that no acute health effects related to exposure to the hazardous wastes had been established and that studies of chronic effects were inconclusive. Not surprisingly, the reactions to this report were mixed and reflected the positions staked out by the various actors in the Love Canal story, including a number of scientists. 

Health and Safety The public requested further information on the short- and long-term potential health effects related to incinerator emissions and what emergency response plans were in place to protect workers and the general public in case of accidents. 

Figure I illustrates some major events which have occurred since production of the chlorophenols began in the United States in the mid-1930 s. Although accidents have occurred periodically and adverse health effects related to dioxin exposure have been recognized in exposed workers, it was not until the 1970 s that the problems received public attention. During that decade, animal studies demonstrated the severe toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and it was realized that large numbers of people had potential exposure to...

As I indicated before, we generally study plant workers when we are interested in evaluating health effects related to a pesticide. However, in the future, it is envisioned that we will have the capability to identify all workers who have been exposed to a specific pesticide. 

Epidemiologic Techniques Used to Assess Health Effects Related to Occupational Exposure to Pesticides... 

Let us examine the techniques epidemiologists use to assess health effects related to occupational exposure to pesticides. 

Numerous studies have been conducted in laboratory animals to develop a better understanding of the physiological effects of exposure to plutonium. These studies have increased our understanding of the deposition of plutonium in various body organs and of the time of retention, as well as providing an extensive database on the adverse health effects of plutonium. The relevant toxicological properties of plutonium and significant health effects related to exposure to plutonium are described in this chapter. 

For more information about health effects related to tliese radioisotopes see CDC s fact sheet on Radiation and Health Effects, at www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/healthfacts.asp. 

Along with the regulatory development, EPA prepares criteria documents which provide technical support for the final rules. These criteria documents identify fundamental information regarding health effects of contaminants in drinking water. Health-effects-related data such as physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, human exposure, health effects in animals and humans, mechanisms of toxicity, and quantification of toxicological effects are evaluated and serve as supporting documentation for the MCLGs. ... 

Sulfur dioxide, emitted primarily by coal-burning power plants and industrial smelters. Is a powerful irritant that affects the respiratory system. The adverse health effects related to high exposures include respiratory illness, alterations in the lung s defenses, and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Children, elderly persons, and people with health conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or cardiovascular disease are especially sensitive to increased sulfur dioxide levels. As we learned in Chapter 9, sulfur dioxide is also the major precursor to acid rain. 

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