Hazardous design

A traditional checklist analysis uses a list of specific items to identify known types of hazards, design deficiencies, and potential accident scenarios associated with common process equipment and operations. The method can be used to evaluate materials, equipment, or procedures. Checklists are most often used to evaluate a specific design with which a company or industry has a significant amount of experience, but they can also be used at earlier stages of development for entirely new processes to identify and eliminate hazards that have been recognized through operation and evaluation of similar systems. To be most useful, checklists should be tailored specifically for an individual facility, process, or product. 

Almost every hazardous material has more than one hazard. As an emergency responder, you must be familiar with other potential, and often hidden, hazards that chemicals may present. Figure 1.8 shows the potential hidden hazards of the nine hazard classes. Across the top of the chart are all the potential hazards a chemical could have that would affect emergency responders. Down the left side are all of the colors representing the UN/DOT hazard classes. An X is used to identify the DOT hazard designated for the material and the color of the placard, which will be on the shipment. An asterisk ( ) is used to identify aU of the other potential hazards of the materials. That does not mean that a particular chemical has all of the hazards, but until you are able to obtain additional information, precautions must be taken for each. For example, some corrosive materials are classified as oxidizers, such as perchloric acid above 50% concentration. Perchloric acid above 50% concentration... 

Design Basis for Protection Against Natural Phenomena. The natural phenomena hazard design basis for safety class SSCs shall reflect the importance of the safety functions to be performed and the requirements set forth in DOE 5480.28. 

DOE-STD-1020-94, Chg. 1 (1/96), Natural Phenomena Hazards Design and Evaluation Criteria for Department of Energy Facilities, specifies natural phenomena requirements and NPH design and evaluation criteria for DOE facilities and supports DOE Order 420.1. 

One does not design a cell room to achieve a certain steady-state or 1-hr peak level of chlorine concentration in the air, nor does one attempt to establish a priori a tolerable exposure profile for plant personnel. Tables such as 8.6, in spite of the apparent precision of the numbers, are really qualitative or at best semi-quantitative indicators of the seriousness of a hazard. Designers of chlorine-handling plants must exercise proper care by designing to recognized industry standards, and operators must understand and observe established procedures. There is more on this subject in Section 16.2.1. 

B. Fault Tree Analysis. FTA complements Hazop. It does not identify hazards rather it identifies and analyzes the causes of a known hazard. Designers may use FTA... 

The GHS ratings for flammability are presented in Section 5.1.2. The GHS ratings for health hazards are presented in Section 6.2.1. Hazards designated in GHS are described throughout this book (see Table 3.2.1.1). 

The hazard design or sensor must diBeientiate the hazard hrom... 

Gudgin Dickson, Eva F., Personal Protective Equipment for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Hazards Design, Evaluation, and Selection, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 2012. 

Refer to Chapter 11 for a detailed review of this program. You should minimize hazards by substituting less hazardous materials or equipment whenever possible and engineering controls that distance the worker from the hazard. For the remaining hazards, design safe work practices, train your employees adequately in these practices, and enforce the practice consistently. In some cases, you may also need to establish other administrative controls, such as employee rotation or more frequent work breaks where needed. 

The electrical installation must match the hazard designation of the area. 

For site-dependent internal or external hazards, design requirements will be similar to advanced evolutionary reactors, particularly with respect to ... 

A hazard checklist is a generic list of items known to be hazardous or that might create potentially hazardous designs or situations. The hazard checklist should not be considered complete or all-inclusive. Hazard checklists are used in FLA to assist in the identification of hazards. Hazard checklists help trigger the analyst s recognition of potential HSs, from past lessons learned. 

HAZOP is a systematic approach to identify hazards and operating problems in a facility. It has proved to be an extremely useful tool to highlight unforeseen hazards designed into facilities due to various reasons, or introduced into existing facilities due to factors such as changes made to process-related conditions or operating procedures. Three basic objectives of HAZOP are shown in Figure 4.6 [5,12],... 

The preliminary design of isolated structures generally begins with an assumption of equivalent linear properties for the isolation system and a rigid superstmcture. This design approach is sufficient to obtain, for a given level of seismic hazard, design forces and interstory drift demands for the superstmcture and peak isolator displacements. 

Chronic harmful material hazard Design for hygiene standards, contaiiunent of low-level discharges, monitoring of work-place, on-going health screening, building ventilation. 

Elimination/minimization of the hazard—Designing the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard, or substituting processes, equipment, materials, or other factors to lessen the hazard ... 

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