Reaction Hazard

J. Barton and R. Rodgers, eds.. Chemical Reaction Hazards, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K., 1993, pp. 7—12. 

The first piace to iook for information describing the physicai properties and known reaction hazards of an individuai chemicai or process is the iitera-ture. Once iiterature sources have been exhausted, theoreticai information shouid be deveioped. This determination of theoreticai vaiues invoives the deveiopment of worst-case theoreticai estimates based on chemicai compatibii-ity information and thermophysicai properties such as formation energies, heats... 

Controlling legionella m nursing and residential care homes Chemical reaction hazards and the risk of thermal runaway... 

Chemical reaction hazards must be considered in assessing whether a process can be operated safely on the manufacturing scale. Furthermore, the effect of scale-up is particularly important. A reaction, which is innocuous on the laboratory or pilot plant scale, can be disastrous in a full-scale manufacturing plant. For example, the heat release from a highly exothermic process, such as the reduction of an aromatic nitro compound, can be easily controlled in laboratory glassware. Flowever,... 

Barton, J. A. and Nolan, P. F. Incidents in the Chemical Industry due to Thermal-runaway Chemical Reactions, Hazards X Process... 

Barton, J. and Rogers, R., Chemical Reaction Hazards, 2nd ed.. Institution of Chemieal Engineers, 1997. 

Reduction of reaction hazards by tempering a reaction with the use of a more volatile solvent that will boil and more reliably remove the heat of reaction. 

A chemist may think only of optimizing the route of synthesis to avoid a runaway reaction hazard and not consider the safety and design implications of flammable reaction by-products. 

Singh, J. (1993). "Assessing Semi-Batch Reaction Hazards. The Chemical Engineer, 537 (February 5), 21, 23-25. 

Proceedings of Conference Technical for the Control and Prevention of Runaway Chemical Reaction Hazards, London Dec. 1987. 

Corrosion, See also Chemical reaction hazards causes, 54 preveutiou, 55... 

Reduction and exothermic reactions, hazard associated with use of hydrogen (high hydrogenation flammability, explosion possible)... 

Evaluation of chemical reaction hazards Industrial partner Reference... 

Barton, J.A. and Nolan, P.F., 1991, in Safety in Chemical Batch Reactors and Storage Tanks , Benuzzi, A. and Zaldivar, J.M. (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Services, Dordrecht, pp. 99-124. Barton, J. and Rogers, R. (Eds.), 1993, Chemical Reaction Hazards - A Guide, Inst. Chem. Engrs., Rugby. 

Rogers, R.L., 1989, The Systematic Asse.ssment of Chemical Reaction Hazards , Imperial Chemical Industries, Fine Chemicals Manufacturing Organisation, Blackley. 

The principal reaction hazard attached to use of acetic anhydride is the possibility of rapid and exothermic acid-catalysed hydrolysis unless the conditions prevailing (temperature, agitation, order of mixing, proportion of water) are such as to promote smooth and progressive hydrolysis with adequate heat removal. The examples below illustrate these factors. 

Thermal reaction hazards of potassium nitrate-cellulose mixtures were evaluated by ARC. Stoicheiometric mixtures (zero oxygen balance) showed the lowest ignition temperatures. 

This compilation has been prepared and revised to give access to a wide and up-to-date selection of documented information to research students, practising chemists, safety officers and others concerned with the safe handling and use of reactive chemicals. This will allow ready assessment of the likely potential for reaction hazards which may be associated with an existing or proposed chemical compound or reaction system. 

However, it emerged dining the compilation phase that most two component reaction hazard systems of this type involve a fairly obvious oxidant material as one of the reactants. Where this situation was recognised, the oxidant has normally been selected as primary (indexing) reactant, with the other as secondary reactant, following the colon. 

The rate of an exothermic chemical reaction determines the rate of energy release, so factors which affect reaction kinetics are important in relation to possible reaction hazards. The effects of proportions and concentrations of reactants upon reaction rate are governed by the Law of Mass Action, and there are many examples where changes in proportion and/or concentration of reagents have transformed an... 

D. R. Stull11 developed a rating system to establish the relative potential hazards of specific chemicals the rating is called the reaction hazard index (RHI). The RHI is related to the maximum adiabatic temperature reached by the products of a decomposition reaction. It is defined as... 

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