Hardware utilization

Any machine with virtual memory suffers performance degradation when page swaps are too frequent. Some pipelined machines like the TI-ASC (3) or the CDC Star-100 (4) have rather long setup times for their arithmetic pipes. Multiprocessor machines like the Illiac IV (5) are next to useless if the programmer pays no attention to the architecture. These features all directly impact the user they have not been effectively hidden by software at any level. Improvement of this situation could result if compilers took on the burden of optimizing code so as to promote efficient hardware utilization. 

The properties of real-time signal and data processing applications have to be exploited to arrive at fully efficient application-specific architectures. This requires extensions to the basic linear space-time mapping methods [44] as proposed in chapters 3 and 6. In addition, an alternative affine space-time transformation method based on the existence of independent subsets in the index space is introduced in chapter 5. This method has led to efficient arrays with high hardware utilization [24]. 

Table 2 shows the results achieved for the DHRC benchmark. The total execution time on the emulator board is 1,294 cycles. This throughput could only be achieved for the folded graph. Without folding, the algorithm required 1,810 cycles, since hardware utilization was very poor. 

Hardware utilizes standard high-reliability parts (e.g., HiRel resistor), whereas software has no equivalent. 

With better hardware and software, more exact methods can be used for the representation of chemical structures and reactions. More and more quantum mechanical calculations can be utilized for chemoinformatics tasks. The representation of chemical structures will have to correspond more and more to our insight into theoretical chemistry, chemical bonding, and energetics. On the other hand, chemoinformatics methods should be used in theoretical chemistry. Why do we not yet have databases storing the results of quantum mechanical calculations. We are certain that the analysis of the results of quantum mechanical calculations by chemoinformatics methods could vastly increase our chemical insight and knowledge. 

Classical Feedback Control. The majority of controllers ia a continuous process plant is of the linear feedback controller type. These controllers utilize one or more of three basic modes of control proportional (P), iategral (I), and derivative (D) action (1,2,6,7). In the days of pneumatic or electrical analogue controllers, these modes were implemented ia the controller by hardware devices. These controllers implemented all or parts of the foUowiag control algorithm ... 

Dry Scrubbing Diy scruhhing is an umbrella term used to associate several different unit operations and types of hardware that can be used in combinations to accomplish the unit process of dry scrubbing. They all utilize scrubbing, in which mass transfer takes place between the gas phase and an active liquidlike surface, and they all discharge the resulting products separately as a gas and a sohdlike diy product for reuse or disposal. 

Most new hardware and software development in the EMCS market now aims at utilizing the full potential of EMCSs and at making the information obtained more usable and accessible. This accessibility has created a secondary benefit with a greater potential for custonier/utility communication. In many ways the EMCS evolution and market penetration in the industrial, commercial, and to a certain extent, residential markets, has equaled that of the personal computer. 

AS of this writing, 100% inspection by NAA of small arms primers in an actual production loading plant has not been implemented, nor is it contemplated in the near future. Technical problems exist related to coupling the present state-of-the-art nuclear components with the high production rates for the primers, namely, tens of units per sec per automatic loading line. The high intensity of the neutron source and the complexity of the detection system required detracts from the utility of the method in a plant environment where simplicity and safety of operation are of paramount importance. Nevertheless, the technical feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by the AMMRC study and future developments in nuclear activation hardware may ultimately make this non-destructive inspection for production primers more viable... 

Light wave technologies provide a number of special challenges for polymeric materials. Polymer fibers offer the best potential for optical communications in local area network (LAN) applications, because their large core size makes it relatively cheap to attach connectors to them. There is a need for polymer fibers that have low losses and that can transmit the bandwidths needed for LAN applications the aciylate and methacrylate polymers now under study have poor loss and bandwidth performance. Research on monomer purification, polymerization to precise molecular-size distributions, and weU-controlled drawing processes is relevant here. There is also a need for precision plastic molding processes for mass prodnction of optical fiber connectors and splice hardware. A tenfold reduction in the cost of fiber and related devices is necessaiy to make the utilization of optical fiber and related devices economical for local area networks and tlie telecommunications loop. 

The similarity of the hardware required for APCl to that required for electrospray may be seen from comparing Figures 4.9 and 4.22 and makes changing between the techniques convenient from a practical point of view. The complementary nature of the two ionization techniques may, therefore, be readily utilized. 

The package should include, insofar as possible, standard computer hardware running standard operating system and utility software. This will facilitate necessary customization and inter-system communication. 

Mathematical models require computation to secure concrete predictions. Successes in relatively simple cases spurs interest in more complex situations. Somewhat specialized computer hardware and software have emerged in response to these demands. Examples are the high-end processors with vector architecture, such as the Cray series, the CDC Cyber 205, and the recently announced IBM 3090 with vector attachment. When a computation can effectively utilize vector architecture, such machines will out-perform even the most powerful conventional scalar machine by a substantial margin. Such performance has given rise to the term supercomputer. ... 

Because of the complexity of computer hardware and software and because of the intricacy of a risk assessment, the FDA has to all intents and purposes adopted an indirect regulatory posture. Regulated companies are informally urged to conduct independent audits of Part 11 compliance, utilizing in-house or consultant expertise. The agency can then review the details of the audit report and the credentials for experience, expertise, and independence of the auditor. Follow-up investigation of speciflc points can then be laser-focused on specific areas of concern. 

Within the pharmaceutical industry we have progressed from the point where computers in the laboratory were rarely present or used beyond spreadsheet calculations. Now computers are ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and development laboratories, and nearly everyone has at least one used in some way to aid in his or her role. It should come as no surprise that the development of hardware and software over the last 30 years has expanded the scope of computer use to virtually all stages of pharmaceutical research and development (data analysis, data capture, monitoring and decision making). Although there are many excellent books published that are focused on in-depth discussions of computer-aided drug design, bioinformatics, or other related individual topics, none has addressed this broader utilization of... 

---