Governmental

They are classified apart in this text because their use differs from that of petroleum solvents they are used as raw materials for petrochemicals, particularly as feeds to steam crackers. Naphthas are thus industrial intermediates and not consumer products. Consequently, naphthas are not subject to governmental specifications, but only to commercial specifications that are re-negotiated for each contract. Nevertheless, naphthas are in a relatively homogeneous class and represent a large enough tonnage so that the best known properties to be highlighted here. 

Governmental specifications. In France, they are published through inter-ministerial directives and are prepared at the Ministry of Industry by the DHYCA (Direction des Hydrocarbures et des Carburants). They govern the characteristics that products must adhere to in all French territories. 

In everyday language, the term specifications often means governmental specifications". 

For each category of petroleum products, either governmental or customs specifications or standards for characteristics generally exist, but sometimes there may be nothing but those conditions usually required in commercial contracts. 

To foster a close relationship with the chemical, petroleum, gas, and energy industries and governmental agencies for the exchange of information and knowledge and to ensure that research results and discoveries of significance will be effectively exploited... 

Besides support by governmental agencies there is also support of research by industry, varied foundations and charitable organizations, and individual donors. This all adds to the diversity of our research enterprise and its vitality. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences itself does not support research to any significant degree. As a private or-... 

The design of bioseparation unit operations is influenced by these governmental regulations. The constraints on process development grow as a recovery and purification scheme undergo licensing for commercial manufacture. 

American Conference Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ThresholdEimit Values, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1982 cf. Deutsche Eorschungsgemeinschaft, Maximale Arbeitsplat kon ntrationen, 1983, Vedag Chemie, Weinheim, 1983, p. 15. 

Threshold Emit Values andBiological Exposure Indices for 1989—1990, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1989. 

Several studies on FWAs have concluded that diarninostilbenedisulfonic acid/cyanuric chloride (DAS/CC) and distyrylbiphenyl (DSBP) type whiteners are of a low order of toxicity. Thek safety has been extensively reviewed by governmental agencies there is no evidence of human health ha2ards. FWA producers and users consider these products to be both safe and beneficial to the ultimate consumer. This view is supported by appropriate trade associations. A comprehensive review of available safety and environmental data has been pubflshed (82). In addition, principal suppHers are conducting life cycle analyses on the primary whiteners in use (ca 1993). 

The OSHA permissible exposure limit (11) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) estabHshed threshold limit value (TLV) (12) for fluorides is 2.5 mg of fluoride per cubic meter of air. This is the TLV—TWA concentration for a normal 8-h work day and a 40-h work week. 

Threshold Limit Valuesfor Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Ameiican Confeience of Governmental Industdal Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992. 

Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and as a suspected human carcinogen by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). This is based on limited human evidence and on sufficient evidence in experimental animals (136). Lifetime inhalation studies with rodents have shown nasal cancer at formaldehyde concentrations that overwhelmed cellular defense mechanisms, ie, 6 to 15 ppm. No nasal cancer was seen at 2 ppm or lower levels (137). 

E. Bereayi and R. Gould, 1988—1989 Resource Recovey Yearbook, Governmental Advisory Associates, Inc., New York, 1988, 718 pp. 

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