Glucose Mannitol

What is really happening [23, 24] in the glucose —> mannitol cascade [19] can be seen from the quite complicated kinetic and molecular picture shown in Fig. 13.9, including three different types of kinetics (expressed in turnover numbers in Table 13.1) ... 

Dormer HR, Sondheimer JH, Cadnapaphornchai P. Mannitol-induced acute renal failure. Medicine 1990 69(3) 153-159. Mansbach AB, Madden SC, Latta H. Light and electron microscopic changes in proximal tubules of rats after administration of glucose, mannitol, suctose or dextran. Lab Invest 1962 11 421-432. 

TCDD. Early studies by Matsumura and Benezet (20) demonstrated that microbial metabolism was very slow if it occurred at all. Further work confirmed that although 2,3,7,8-TCDD is indeed relatively stable to microbial metabolism, two Isolated microorganisms that gave water soluble metabolites were identified. In both aquatic sediment and terrestrial soil systems, metabolism of 2,3,7, 8-TCDD was demonstrated. Addition of nutrients such as glucose, mannitol, and bactopeptone stimulated the transformation (21). 

Thamsen ], Hie acidic dissociaticm ccmstants of glucose, mannitol and sorbitol, as measured by means of the hydrogen electrode and the glass electrode at O and 18 C, Acta Chem. Scand., 6, 270-284 (1952). 

Potentiometric H2O Thamsen J, The acidic dissociation constants of glucose, mannitol and... 

Complexation of ferric iron with D-tagatose, a cell-permeable zero-energy producing ketohexose, protected against oxidative cell injury (Valeri et al. 1997). Lethal liver cell injury induced in vitro by 300 p,M nitrofurantoin was completely prevented by high concentrations (20 mM) of D-tagatose, whereas equimolar concentrations of glucose, mannitol, or xylose were ineffective (Paterna et al. 1998). 

The cryoprotective effects of glucose, mannitol, glucitol, dextran and malto-oligosaccharides on the denaturation of catalase on freeze-drying has been found to be due to binding of a monomolecular layer of saccharide replacing water of hydration. ... 

Uncoated tablet materials, lactose, liquid glucose, mannitol, stearic acid, starch, calcium stearate, talc and sucrose could be tolerated in the precipitation solution without interference. As gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone precipitate with sodium tetraphenylboron it is not possible to apply the method to tablets containing these materials. 

For complete acetylation of polyhydric compounds, such as glucose (p. 141) and mannitol (p. I42), even undiluted acetic anhydride is insufficient, and a catalyst must also be employed. In such cases, the addition of zinc chloride or anhydrous sodium acetate to the acetic anhydride usually induces complete acetylation. ... 

Another name for glucitol obtained by reduction of d glucose is sorbitol it is used as a sweetener especially in special diets required to be low in sugar Reduction of D fructose yields a mixture of glucitol and mannitol corresponding to the two possi ble configurations at the newly generated chirality center at C 2... 

Absorption of mannitol (209), sorbitol (210), and xyfltol (4) from the intestinal tract is relatively slow, compared to that of glucose. In humans, approximately 65% of orally adrninistered mannitol is absorbed in the dose range of 40—100 g. About one-third of the absorbed mannitol is excreted in the urine. The remainder is oxidized to carbon dioxide (211). 

The catalytic hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol is carried out at elevated temperature and pressure with hydrogen ia the preseace of nickel catalysts, in both batch and continuous operations, with >97% yield (56,57). The cathodic reduction of D-glucose to L-sorbitol has been practiced (58). D-Mannitol is a by-product (59). 

Reduction. Mono- and oligosaccharides can be reduced to polyols (polyhydroxy alcohols) termed alditols (glycitols) (1) (see Sugar alcohols). Common examples of compounds in this class ate D-glucitol (sorbitol) [50-70-4] made by reduction of D-glucose and xyhtol [87-99-0] made from D-xylose. Glycerol [56-87-5] is also an alditol. Reduction of D-fmctose produces a mixture of D-glucitol and D-mannitol [69-65-8],... 

Aliphatic fluorodenitration has also been applied to mononitro compounds, specifically to an a-nitroepoxide Thus, l,2-anhydro-3 4 5,6-di-O isopropyli dene-1-C-nitro D mannitol and labeled potassium bifluonde give 2-deoxy-2-fluo-ro-3,4 5,6-di-O-isopropylidene aldehydo D glucose [J03, 104] (equation 30)... 

The Enzymes II (E-IIs) of the phosphoenolpyruvate (P-enolpyruvate)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) are carbohydrate transporters found only in prokaryotes. They not only transport hexoses and hexitols, but also pentitols and disaccharides. The PTS substrates are listed in Table I. The abbreviations used (as superscripts) throughout the text for these substrates are as follows Bgl, jS-gluco-side Cel, cellobiose Fru, fructose Glc, glucose Gut, glucitol Lac, lactose Man, mannose Mtl, mannitol Nag, iV-acetylglucosamine Scr, sucrose Sor, sorbose Xtl, xylitol. 

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