Global Products

Globalization has resulted in the collaboration of the best minds and talents in the world to produce innovative global products. For example, Apple iPod was conceived and designed in the United States, the engineering work was done in India and all the components were manufactured in China. 

Another example of globalization is the production of an automobile. According to Balasubramanian and Tewary (2005), nine countries were 

Mangan et al. (2008) cite another example of globalization. The all-American Barbie doll s hair comes from Japan, the doll s plastic body from Taiwan, and her cotton clothing comes from China. Only the molds and pigments are made in the United States  

A final example is the production of a very popular smart phone. According to the Asian Development Bank, five countries were involv in manufacturing 14 key parts and the final assembly. Germany made six parts (e.g., camera modules, GPS receiver), Korea made the application processor. United States made three parts (e.g., memory chip, Bluetooth) and Japan made four parts (e.g., display module, flash memory, touch screen). The final assembly of the smart phone was done in China  

According to Friedman (2005), the Internet revolution, WTO and the fall of the Berlin wall contributed to the globalization of the market place. He claims that anyone with high speed internet coimection can compete for nearly any job on the global market  

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The bulk of global production from aquaculture is utilized directly as human food, with pubhc aquaculture playing a minor role in many nations or being absent. Private aquaculture is not only about human food production, however. There is, in some regions, weU-developed private sector aquaculture involved in the production of bait and ornamental fishes and invertebrates. 

PS is a global product, of which North America, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia are the principal consumers (Fig. 33). Global PS production capacity generally parallels the demand for the material (Fig. 34). However, the trend siace early 1980s has been toward narrowiag the gap between capacity and demand ia an effort to maximize the profitabiUty of the busiaess. 

Production figures are not pubHshed by these producers, so precise production amounts are not available however, it is roughly estimated that global production in 1989—1990 was 500,000—600,000 t/yr. Approximately 90% of this aHyl chloride production is used captively to synthesize epichlorohydrin. The remainder is sold on the merchant market with bulk Hst U.S. prices in 1989—1990 of 1.63/kg. Some of the producers Hsted above and several additional companies have announced their intentions to expand or build aHyl chloride capacity. 

In 1997 it was estimated that global production of PET was about 16.7 X 10 t.p.a., of which 12 million tonnes was used in textiles, 2 million tonnes for audio and video film (with a small quantity for technical mouldings) and 3 million tonnes for packaging, particularly bottles. The tremendous growth in the bottles market from zero in the late 1970s to 1.5 million tonnes in the USA alone in 1998 is, in consumption terms, one of the most spectacular examples of growth in plastics materials in recent times and will be considered later in this section. 

G. Lancaster, J. Damen, C. Orozco, and J. Moody, Global product and application development utilizing Insite technology, MetCon 94 Proceedings, USA, May 1994. 

Production of PV modules is still relatively small, but has been growing at a steady and significant rate. Global production in 1998 reached 150 megawatts peak. As costs come down and new manufacturing facilities are placed in operation, this number will grow rapidly. 

Phenolics are also used in a variety of other applications such as adhesives, paints, laminates for building, automobile parts, and ion exchange resins. Global production of phenol-formaldehyde resins exceeded 5 billion pounds in 1997. 

Although in this chapter we have focused on the potential effects of increased UV-B radiation on the Antarctic marine ecosystem, our results also have bearing on efforts to describe the effects of UV radiation on global marine productivity. However, here again, considerable uncertainties still remain in assessing the effects of ozone depletion on global production. Several authors have predicted a... 

International agreements and legislation are now in place to limit global production and release of many of these materials. In addition to these restrictions, global emissions of CO2 may need to be reduced by 60% in order to avoid the worst consequences of climate change. 

Most small olefins produced in the chemical industry are used to make polymers, with a global production of the order of 100 million tons per year. Polymers are macromolecules with molecular weights of typically lO" to 10 and consist of linear or branched chains, or networks built up from small monomers such as ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, etc. The vast majority of polymers are made in catalytic processes. Here we concentrate on ethylene polymerization over chromium catalysts as an example [M.P. McDaniel, Adv. Catal. 33 (1985) 47]. 

The prodnction of this alternative fuel has seen enormous developments over the past fifteen years, during which production has progressed from the trial stage to aimual global production of 5,800,000 tons (2007 data), the majority of which of European origin. 

The global production capacities for thermoplastics (2000) are indicated in Tables 10.1 and 10.2. 

Thermoplastic Global production (Mt y-1) Growth rate (%) Plant capacity (kt y-1)"... 

Products Driving forces Threats Phenolic primary AOs, organophosphite secondary AOs Global production of polyolefins None... 

Table 2. Past and projected global production from the electricity generating sector (TWh/yr) and average C02 emissions per kWh [14]...

Robinson BH (2009) E-waste an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 408 183-191... 

It is expected that soil PBDEs and PCDD/Fs may also have stemmed from other sources than e-waste recycling processes, as only 3% of the global production of flame retardants is used in electronic products [36]. Apparently, only a small portion of BFRs occurring in the environments is derived from e-waste. 

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