Global epoxy production

Global epoxy resins production volume in 2005 approximately 1,6 million tons ... 

Aromatic copolyesters, 13 372 Aromatic diacyl peroxides, 14 283 Aromatic diisocyanates, urethanes obtained from, 25 462—463 Aromatic epoxies, 10 347-348 Aromatic ethers, 10 574 Aromatic fluorocarbon production, global, 11 871-872... 

The epoxy resin production value in the United States, western Europe, and Asia is estimated to be over 2.5 billion. Almost 900,000 metric tons (t) of epoxy resins is consumed in these regions with around 35 percent of the consumption in Asia. The overall global consumption in 2002 was approximately 970,0001 (2.14 billion lb) with a 4 to 5 percent annual growth rate.3 The 7 to 10 percent growth rate in the 1970s has slowed except in Asia. Future consumption will average about 2 to 4 percent per year from 2004 to 2008 in the United States and western Europe.4 In North America the demand for epoxy resins is forecast at 690 million lb, valued at 1.4 billion, in 2004.5... 

FIGURE 1.2 Global liquid epoxy resin production.11 2002 Total Liquid Epoxy Resin Demand 2.14 billion pounds 970 thousand metric tons 2.0 billion AGR 4—5%. (Source DPNA International Inc.)... 

Over 65% of the global production of BPA is used to make PC and another 30% for epoxy resin production (Plastics Europe, 2010). Based on the 2010 data, however, only 7% of the PC was used in packaging and medical device applications. Most are instead used in construction as glazing or in media (CD and DVD applications) and in electrical/electronic applications. These non-packaging uses pose a lower risk. About a third of this global production is used in the United States. BPA is perhaps the most controversial of plastic-related EDCs present in the environment and is attributed to at least the following sources (Geens et al., 2011). 

Growing importance of BPA as the chemical intermediate is particularly connected with rapidly expanding fields of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Presently, the main market for BPA is in production of the polycarbonates (66% of the BPA in global production capacity), and the primary commercial method for their synthesis is a homogeneous (usually in pyridine) or an interfacial polycondensation of BPA with phosgene as shown in Figure 7.13. 

Epoxy reins forms the second largest group of the end use of BPA (30% of the global production volume). The Bisphenol-A-based resins are the most common of commercial epoxies. They are produced by the two-step Taffy process shown in Figure 7.15. 

The initial increase in the heat capacity signal corresponds to the reaction heat capacity or the change in heat capacity from reactants to products (see arrow in Rg. 2.112). A thermodynamic analysis of the epoxy-aromatic amine reaction revealed that the primary amine-epoxy reaction contributes less to the increase in reaction heat capacity than does the secondary epoxy-amine reaction (Swier and van Mele 2003b). Information specific to the different steps in the reaction mechanism can therefore be deduced from the heat capacity signal, in contrast to the global conversion evolution obtained from the total heat flow signal. 

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