Germany countries

However, in some countries such as Germany there is considerable reservation to adding scavengers because of their possible contribution to dioxin emissions. Furthermore, for lead contents of 0.15 g/1, the need for scavengers is questionable. It is possible that the leaded fuels sold in the coming years will contain neither chlorine nor bromine. 

Around 2000, the regulations should become more severe. In this area, a European limit of benzene of 3% appears very probable certain countries such as Germany are even looking at 1%. In Italy, it was decided towards the end of 1991, to limit benzene to 2.5% for leaded and unleaded fuels in the seven largest cities characterized by having heavy atmospheric pollution concurrently, in these same cities, the overall aromatic contents of gasolines should not exceed 33%. 

The common ore of tin is tinstone or cassiterite. Sn02, found in Cornwall and in Germany and other countries. The price of tin has risen so sharply in recent years that previously disregarded deposits in Cornwall are now being re-examined. Tin is obtained from the tin dioxide, Sn02, by reducing it with coal in a reverbatory furnace ... 

Germany which regularly consume more than they produce, are obviously of strong interest to the high producing, oversuppHed countries. Because wine is ... 

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

Fine chemicals are produced by a wide spectmm of manufacturers, largely because the distinction between different kinds of chemicals is not sharp. There are specialty producers of fine chemicals. Many companies that manufacture dmgs also manufacture the chemical substances that are used in preparing the dosage forms. A number of companies manufacture dmg chemicals and food chemicals. Some fine chemicals are made by manufacturers of heavy chemicals, and either may be simply a segment of their regular production, or some of that production which has been subjected to additional purification steps. Many fine chemicals are imported into the United States from countries such as Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands. 

Company and country are as foUows Ajiuomoto Co., Inc., Japan (AC) Asabi Denka Kogyo KK, Japan (AD) CECA, SA, France (CECA) Dover Chemical, United States (DC) Hoechst AG, Germany (HAG) Hbls, Germany (H) ICI, United Kingdom (ICI) Keil Chemical Div., Ferro Corp., United States (KC), Nissei Chemical Industries Co., Japan (NCI) Occidental Chemical Corp., United States (OCC) Tosoh Corp., Japan (TC). 

Countries that use a mixed-system, eg, Argentina, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands, have a positive fist for artificial flavor materials, and a restricted fist of natural and nature identical flavor materials. This system addresses some of the shortcomings of the positive and negative fist systems. 

The same questions about the safety of organic flocculants have been raised ia other countries. The most drastic response has occurred ia Japan (7,77) and Swit2edand (77) where the use of any synthetic polymers for drinking water treatment is not permitted. Alum and PAC are the principal chemicals used ia Japan (7). Chitin, a biopolymer derived from marine animals, has been used ia Japan (80,81). Maximum allowed polymer doses have been set ia Prance and Germany (77). 

Fig. 4. Classification of flotation machine types and examples of brand names. Numbers indicate countries of origin of machines. 1, United States 2, Germany 3, United Kingdom 4, Norway 5, France 6, Finland 7, Sweden 8, Canada 9, former USSR 10, AustraUa and 11, South Africa. Ref. 15.

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) operated a coal hydrogenation plant at a pressure of 20 MPa (2900 psi) and a temperature of 400—500°C to produce Hquid hydrocarbon fuel from 1935 to the outbreak of World War II. As many as 12 such plants operated in Germany during World War II to make the country less dependent on petroleum from natural sources but the process was discontinued when hostihties ceased (see Coal conversion PROCESSES,liquefaction). Currentiy the Fisher-Tropsch process is being used at the Sasol plants in South Africa to convert synthesis gas into largely ahphatic hydrocarbons at 10—20 MPa and about 400°C to supply 70% of the fuel needed for transportation. 

Economic Aspects. Production of indium has been reported from Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Pern, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as countries in the CIS (the former Soviet Union) (5). 

The world ink industry had total sales estimated to be about 10.5 biUion in 1992. The United States had about 32% (by weight) of world sales with the remaining portion spHt between Asia and Europe/Africa. Japan has about 22% market share, Germany has 10%, and the U.K., Italy, and Erance each have 5%. The remaining share is spHt among many other countries. 

A comparison of available resources and production shows that Germany, ranked second in resources, was ranked first in production in 1990. Indeed a number of central and eastern European countries are producing proved recoverable reserves at a rate that should lead to exhaustion of local deposits before the end of the twenty-first century. On the other hand, the massive Russian reserves could allow production for a much longer time. 

Monta.n Wax. An important product of the direct extractive treatment of lignitic coals is montan wax [8002-53-7]. The term montan wax or Bergwachs refers strictiy to the material obtained by solvent extraction of suitable German brown coals. The generic term for similar materials is montana wax. The small quantities made outside Germany are usually referred to as montan, prefixed by the country of origin (see Waxes). 

Except for two countries, there is very fitde world trade in lime. The largest importer is the Netherlands, which is nearly devoid of limestone and thus imports about 10 t aimually from Belgium and Germany. The other net importer of consequence is the United States, which imports ca 150, 000 t/yr or about 1% of U.S. production. About 85% of the U.S. imports are from Canada the balance is from Mexico. 

Region 1 compiises Europe and parts of Asia the selected countries are Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. 

A process variation of the extraction of 2-isopropylnaphthalene hydroperoxide from the cmde oxidation product with an alkylene glycol has been patented (71). The 2-naphthalenol plant of American Cyanamid, which was using the hydroperoxidation process and had a 14 x 10 t /yr capacity (72), ceased production in 1982, leaving the United States without a domestic producer of 2-naphthol. The 2-naphthol capacity in the Western world is approximately 50 x 10 t/yr, with ACNA, Italy and Hoechst AG, Germany operating the largest plants. China produces about 7 x 10 t/yr. Other important producing countries are Poland, Romania, the former Czechoslovakia, and India (35,52). 

Cumulative production in countries outside the former USSR, Eastern Europe, and China since the late 1930s has totaled about 1 x 10 t U. A majority of this production came from the United States, Canada, Germany, Namibia, Niger, and South Africa. In addition, some 218,500 t U, 102,245 t U, 16,700 t U, and 16,850 t U have been produced, respectively, in the former GDR, former C2echoSlovakia, Hungary, and Romania. It is estimated that about 72,000 t U have been produced in Ka2akhstan. Reflable cumulative production data for the rest of the CIS, other Eastern European countries, and China, however, are not available (26). 

Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes Schotten-Baumaim reaction of phosgene (qv) and an aromatic diol in an amine-cataly2ed interfacial condensation reaction or via base-cataly2ed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, foams (qv), and other materials (see Flame retardants). Polycarbonate is produced globally by several companies. Total manufacture is over 1 million tons aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is also the object of academic research studies, owing to its widespread utiUty and unusual properties. Interest in polycarbonates has steadily increased since 1984. Over 4500 pubflcations and over 9000 patents have appeared on polycarbonate. Japan has issued 5654 polycarbonate patents since 1984 Europe, 1348 United States, 777 Germany, 623 France, 30 and other countries, 231. 

Bayer aluminum hydroxides in most grades are sold by all major U.S. alumina producers. Other firms offering aluminum hydroxide fillers probably operate reprocessing faciHties to grind or otherwise treat hydroxide obtained from the primary producers. Countries exporting small amounts to the United States are Japan, Germany, Canada, and the UK. 

Japan produces more amino resin than any other country the United States is next, with the Union of Soviet SociaUst RepubHcs, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany following. 

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