Gender prevalence

The lifedme populadon prevalence of Bipolar I disorder in the United States is about 1% (Kessler et al., 1994). There is no gender prevalence, with women as likely as men to develop the illness. The prevalence of bipolar I disorder does not appear to be influenced by race, ethnicity, or geography. Similar prevalence rates are reported in most coundies, although large scale cross nadonal and cross-cultural studies are needed. The prevalence of bipolar II disorder is less well understood, but is estimated to be about 3-5% (Berk and Dodd, 2005). Needless to say, padents with bipolar II disorder may be less likely to come to medical attendon. 

The prevalence of PACG is lower than that of POAG and varies significantly by race and ethnicity. It is low in patients of European descent (0.09% to 0.16%) but higher in patients of Chinese (1.3%), Eskimo (2.9% to 5%), and Asian Indian (4.33%) descent. PACG is also more prevalent with increasing age and female gender.5,6... 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

It is known that the prevalence of UTIs varies by age and gender. UTIs may occur at any age, even in the very young. Premature infants, for example, have a higher rate than full-term infants, and neonatal boys are five to eight times more likely to have... 

VTED has a lower prevalence (approximately 1/1000 persons per year), but it rises exponentially with age from < 5 cases per 100,000 persons < 15 years old to = 500 cases per 100,000 (0.5%) at age 80 years (White 2003). Against the strong gender differences found in CHD statistics, no convincing difference between men and women have been detected for VTED (Silverstein et al. 1998). 

Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Forde, D. R. (2003). Prevalence of dissociative experiences in a community sample Relationship to gender, ethnicity, and substance use. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 191, 115-120. 

A variety of kinds of evidence have linked emotional behavior to hormones. Two conditions, the menstrual cycle and menopause, have been the focus of a great deal of research on human behavior. In addition, gender differences in the prevalence of mental illnesses have been used as indirect evidence for possible hormonal effects on emotional disorders. For example, depression is more common in women than in men. In contrast, a pubertal onset of schizophrenia is more common in males than females (Hafner, et al., 1993), although the lifetime occurrence of schizophrenia is approximately equal in men and women (Seeman, 1996). Effects of hormones on emotional lability in men are described above in the context of aggression. 

Although the prevalence of tobacco smoking has declined, the decline has been less pronounced in women than in men (Fiore 1992). There are gender differences in quit rates women typically are less successful and remain abstinent for shorter... 

Bland RC, Orn H, Newman SC (1988b) Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77(Suppl 338) 24-32 Bourdon KH, Boyd JH, Rae DS, Burns BJ, Thompson JW, Locke BZ (1988) Gender differences in phobias results of the ECA community study. J Anxiety Disord 2 227-241 Breslau N, KUbey MM, Andreski P (1994) DSM-lll-R nicotine dependence in yoimg adults prevalence, correlates and associated psychiatric disorders. Addiction 89 743-754 Bromet E, Sonnega A, Kessler RC (1998) Risk factors for DSM-lll-R posttraumatic stress disorder findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Epidemiol 147 353-361 Brown TA, Barlow DH (2002) Classification of anxiety and mood disorders. In Barlow D (ed) Anxiety and its disorders the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, 2nd edn. Guillford Press, New York, pp 292-327... 

HIV involvement. The prevalence, predictors, and patterns of cannabis use—specifically medicinal cannabis use among patients with HIV—were examined. Any cannabis use in the year prior to interview and self-defined medicinal use were evaluated. A cross-sectional multicenter survey and retrospective chart review were conducted to evaluate overall drug utilization in HIV, including cannabis use. HIV-positive adults were identified through the HIV Ontario Observational Database 104 consenting patients were interviewed. Forty-three percent of the patients reported cannabis use, whereas 29% reported medicinal use. Reasons for use were similar by gender although... 

Brabbins CJ, Dewey ME, Copeland JRM, et al Insomnia in the elderly prevalence, gender differences and relationships with morbidity and mortality. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 8 473-480, 1993... 

When an illness is more prevalent in one gender (e.g., major depression)... 

The question of insomnia effects on morbidity is more difficult. Since insomnia complaints are associated with depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and a wide variety of medical illnesses (44,49,54,55), it may be difficult to distinguish effects of insomnia from effects of the comorbid processes. In some cases, medications taken by insomniacs may be responsible for impairment. One attempt to assess disability related to insomnia found no association meeting Bonferroni criteria, after adjustment for age, gender, chronic disease, and major depression (56). It is possible that the trend for association would have been entirely eliminated had control been done for subthreshold depression, which was prevalent in the sample. Although sleep symptoms do predict future depression, they are less... 

The prevalence studies noted above only consider the general population without regard for differences between specific groups. Research has identified many characteristics that may influence the frequency/severity of insomnia complaints including age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. 

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