Indians, Asian

The prevalence of PACG is lower than that of POAG and varies significantly by race and ethnicity. It is low in patients of European descent (0.09% to 0.16%) but higher in patients of Chinese (1.3%), Eskimo (2.9% to 5%), and Asian Indian (4.33%) descent. PACG is also more prevalent with increasing age and female gender.5,6... 

Based on the population genotype-phenotype studies performed to date, assays for the molecular diagnosis of TPMT deficiency have focussed on alleles TPMT 2, TPMT 3A and TPMT 3C, as these represent 80-95% of all mutant alleles of this gene in Caucasians [46, 50]. However, the frequency and pattern of mutant alleles of this gene is different among various ethnic populations. For example, Southwest Asians (Indian, Pakistani) have a lower frequency of mutant TPMT alleles and all mutant alleles identified to date are TPMT 3A (Table 24.1) [52]. This is in contrast to Kenyans and Ghanaians where the frequency of mutant alleles is similar to Caucasians, and all mutant alleles are TPMT 3C (Table 24.1) [53, 54]. Among African Americans, TPMT 3C is the most prevalent allele, but TPMT 2... 

Except for one case/° recent clinically oriented MRS studies of human liver have been at 1.5T. Several studies applied in vivo MRS to diffuse liver disease. ° °" The PDE intensity was lower in cirrhosis than in controls ° and served to distinguish the alcoholic, viral, and cholestatic etiologies of diffuse liver disease. ° However, there was no difference between patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and controls. Sharma et al., using the relative PME intensity as a measure of altered gluconeogenesis (this peak can contain glucose-6-P and 3-phos-phoglycerate in addition to PC and PE), found that hepatic gluconeogenesis was altered in both obese and non-obese Asian Indians with NAFLD, relative to non-obese subjects without NAFLD. 

Heng, CK, Low, PS, Saha, N. Variations in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A-I gene influence plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in Asian Indian neonates from Singapore. Pediatr. Res. 2001, 49 514—518. 

Saha N, Wang G, Vasisht S, Kamboh MI. Influence of two apo A4 polymorphisms at codons 347 and 360 on nonfasting plasma lipoprotein-lipids and apolipoproteins in Asian Indians. Atherosclerosis. 1997, 131 249-255. 

Selectivity for the skin of /3-carotene is such that the palms of the hands of black people and Asian Indians have a yellowish color because of the /3-carotene content. An environment rich in vegetables and fruits with high contents of carotenoids can protect natives from the high level of OS generated by solar radiation. 

Awumey EM, Mitra DA, Hollis BW, Kumar R, and Bell NH (1998) Vitamin D metabolism is altered in Asian Indians in the southern United States a clinical research center study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83,169-73. 

Conquo- JA, and Holub BJ. (1998). Effect of supplementation with different doses of DHA on the levels of circulating DHA as non-esterified tatty acid in subjects of Asian Indian background J. Lipid Res. 39,286-292. 

Ethnic variations in diet, additives or salt content may alter metabolism rates. Lin et al. (1986) and Henry et al. (1987) report that antipyrine metabolism was different in rural Asian Indians than in Asian Indian immigrants resident in England for some years. Dietary environmental differences may also account for the findings of Gould et al. (1972) andKato etal. (1973) of a gradation ofheart and stroke incidence, lowest in residents of rural Japan, higher in Japanese in Hawaii and highest in Japanese in California. 

The incidence of closed-angle glaucoma varies by ethnic group, with higher incidence in individuals of Inuit, Chinese, and Asian-Indian descent. Incidence rates of 1% to 4% have been reported in these populations. ... 

Goswami BC, Baishya B, Barua AB, Olson JA. Topical retinoyl beta-glucuronide is an effective treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in Asian-Indian patients. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 1999 12 167-173. 

How little we understand about cultural factors in fetal development is illustrated by the paradox of foreign-born Asian-Indian-American women of high socioeconomic status who begin prenatal care early in pregnancy and who yet have a higher incidence of low-birth-weight infants and fetal deaths compared to comparable American women of European ancestry. 

Serological tests allow tissue types to be defined by the HLA genes. Thus the commonest HLA type in Caucasian populations is HLA-Al / B8 / Dw3, whereas A1 / B17 is conunon among Asian Indians. In every case subtypes can be defined, and this fact together with the polymorphism in other genes leads to a unique HLA type for nearly every individual. As is indicated in Fig. 

Gupta, S. P., 1975, Changes in the food habits of Asian Indians in the United States A case study. Social. Soc. Res., 60 87. 

Early identification, especially in cases of asymptomatic subjects with normal tBi2 concentrations, is crucial due to the high prevalence of subclinical cobalamin deficiency. In 2001, Refsum et al. showed a widespread prevalence of impaired cobalamin status in Asian Indians 47% of subjects had cobalamin deficiency (< 150pmol/L) and 73% had low holoTC levels (<35pmol/L). Metabolic signs of vitamin B12 deficiency were partly explained by their low dietary intake of animal food and/or by other health conditions e.g. cardiovascular diseases, diabetes) (Refsum et al. 2001). As subsequently reported by Refsum and Smith (2003), patients diagnosed with Alzheimer s disease often had impaired cobalamin status, in particular low levels of holoTC, but not of tBi2-... 

Refsum, H., Yajnik, C.S., Gadkari, M., Schneede, J., Vollset, S.E., Orning, L., Guttormsen, A.B., Joglekar, A., Sayyad, M.G., Ulvik, A., and Ueland, P.M., 2001. Hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated methylmalonic acid indicate a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Asian Indians. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 74(2) 233-241. 

A variety of associations with class II genes have been found in different ethnic groups. They are complicated by the fact that the class II alleles have been reclassified over the years. The associations found were with HLA-DR5, -DR6, -DR8, and -DR9 in Japanese (92,93) between HLA-DR17(DR3) and acute disease, and between -DR14(DR6) and -DR15(DR2) and chronic disease in Scandinavia (94) in Germans between HLA-DR3 and acute disease and HLA-DR5 and chronic disease (95,96) in Asian Indians between HLA-DR14(DR6) and chronic disease (97). 

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