Gastritis

Copper (II), Bismuth (III) and lead (II), ai e important elements in the environment and they have essential roles in different biologieal systems. Lead is widely distributed in nature and exhibits severe deleterious effeets on human [1]. Copper is an essential element for the normal metabolism of many living organisms. Bismuth has been used in medieines for the treatment of helieobaeter pylorie-indueed gastritis [2, 3]. Therefore traee analysis of these elements is important for monitoring their eoneentration in the environment. 

Hematologic diseases autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pernicous anemia Kidney disease Goodpasture syndrom, lipoid nephroses, minimal change glomerulonephritis Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, Crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis... 

Cyano- and hydroxocobalamin - both can be converted to the physiologically relevant coenzymes methyl- and 5 -deoxyadenosylcobalamin in the liver -are used for therapeutical applications. When pernicious anemia caused by chronic atrophic gastritis has been diagnosed, it is treated as follows During the first 7 days of treatment, 1000 pg of hydroxocobalamin/d are administered parenterally, usually intramuscularly. Then, the same dose is given once weekly for 4-6 weeks. The aim is to alleviate the deficiency symptoms and at the same time to replenish the stores. Afterwards, 1000 pg hydroxocobalamin should be given parenterally every 2 months lifelong to avoid relapse [1, 2]. 

Gossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, furry tongue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, fever, pain at injection site, hypersensitivity reactions,... 

Other adverse reactions associated with penicillin are hematopoietic changes such as anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), leukopenia (low white blood cell count), and bone marrow depression. When penicillin is given orally, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), stomatitis (inflammation of die mouth), dry mouth, gastritis, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain occur. When penicillin is given intramuscularly (IM), there may be pain at die injection site Irritation of the vein and phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) may occur witii intravenous (IV) administration. 

The proton pump inhibitors are particularly important in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori in patients with active duodenal ulcers. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been implicated as a causative organism in a type of chronic gastritis and in a large number of cases of peptic and duodenal ulcers. 

Goldenseal Hydrastis canadens s Antiseptic for skin (topical), astringent for mucous membranes (mouthwash), wash for inflamed eyes, sinus infections, peptic ulcers, colitis, gastritis Large doses may cause dry or irritated mucous membranes and injury to the gastrointestinal system may reduce the beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Siould not be taken for more than 3-7 days. 

Alterations in other gastric secretions, such as pepsinogens and blood group substances also take place in chronic atrophic gastritis. The secretion of pepsinogen I has been used as an indicator of intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer (21, 22). 

The nitrite results from reduction of nitrate by bacteria abnormally present in the gastric mucosa and the gastric cavity. The bacteria grow situ because the pH is elevated as a result of loss of HCl secretion secondary to the loss of parietal cells and their replacement by intestinal-type epithelium. Parietal cells are lost as a result of chronic atrophic gastritis. What... 

Helicobacter pylori is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration and possibly involved in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma (Correa and Ruiz, 1992 Dixon,... 

Dixon, M.F. (1992). Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastritis. In Helicobacter pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease (eds. B.J. Rathbone and R,V. Heatley) pp. 124-139. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 

Salim, A.S. (1990a). Removing oxygen-derived free radicals stimulates healing of ethanol-induced erosive gastritis in the rat. Digestion 47, 24—28. 

Salim, A.S. (1990b). Sulphydryls protect patients against complications of erosive gastritis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 35, 1436-1437. 

Salim, A.S. (1992a). Role of sulfhydryl-containing agents in the healing of erosive gastritis and chronic gastric ulceration in the rat. J. Pharm. Sci. 81, 70-73. 

Aspirin Dyspepsia, bleeding, gastritis Clinical signs of bleeding,3 gastrointestinal upset baseline CBC and platelet count CBC platelet count every 6 months... 

Prolonged hypergastrinemia leading to the development of colonic polyps and potentially adenocarcinoma in rats was a concern that has proven to be unfounded with long-term use in humans.19 The FDA has stated that there is insufficient evidence linking PPI use to atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, or gastric cancer.20... 

Dietary factors such as coffee, tea, cola, beer, and a highly-spiced diet may cause dyspepsia, but they have not been shown to independently increase PUD risk. Although caffeine increases gastric acid secretion and alcohol ingestion causes acute gastritis, there is inconclusive evidence to confirm that either of these substances are independent risk factors for peptic ulcers. 

Direct irritation of the mucosal lining by NSAIDs occurs because NSAIDs are weak acids. Topical irritation is therefore most pronounced with more acidic NSAIDs such as aspirin. While the direct irritant effects of NSAIDs play a contributory role in the development of NSAID-induced gastritis, this mechanism generally plays a minor role in the evolution of NSAID-induced PUD. 

The most common adverse events associated with these agents are GI (18% to 54%, namely, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and gastritis) and myelosuppression (20% to 40%).7,11,26-28 Despite its enteric coating, to date, mycophenolic acid has shown no significant benefit in terms of reduction in GI adverse events compared with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients.26... 

Gastrointestinal Gastritis Increased appetite Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Peptic ulcers... 

HT3 antagonist, prochlorperazine for emesis (avoid corticosteroids), H2 blocker for gastritis, antidiarrheal as needed (loperamide, diphenoxylate/atropine, codeine). 

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