Methyl coenzyme

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase participates in the conversion of CO2 to CH4 and contains 6-coordinate nickel(II) in a highly hydrogenated and highly flexible porphyrin system. This flexibility is believed to allow sufficient distortion of the octahedral ligand field to produce low-spin Ni" (Fig. 27.7) which facilitates the formation of a Ni -CHs intermediate. 

Methyl coenzyme M reductase plays a key role in the production of methane in archaea. It catalyzes the reduction of methyl-coenzyme M with coenzyme B to produce methane and the heterodisulfide (Figure 3.35). The enzyme is an a2P2Y2 hexamer, embedded between two molecules of the nickel-porphinoid F jg and the reaction sequence has been delineated (Ermler et al. 1997). The heterodisulfide is reduced to the sulfides HS-CoB and HS-CoM by a reductase that has been characterized in Methanosarcina thermoph-ila, and involves low-potential hemes, [Fe4S4] clusters, and a membrane-bound metha-nophenazine that contains an isoprenoid chain linked by an ether bond to phenazine (Murakami et al. 2001). 

Ermler U, W Grabarse, S Shima, M Goubeaud, RK Thauer (1997) Crystal structure of methyl-coenzyme M reductase the key enzyme of biological methane formation. Science 278 1457-1462. 

Acetate may also be converted into methane by a few methanogens belonging to the genus Meth-anosarcina. The methyl group is initially converted into methyltetrahydromethanopterin (corresponding to methyltetrahydrofolate in the acetate oxidations discussed above) before reduction to methane via methyl-coenzyme M the carbonyl group of acetate is oxidized via bound CO to CO2. 

Hallam SJ, PR Girguis, CM Preston, PM Richardson, EF DeLong (2003) Identification of methyl coenzyme M reductase A (merA) genes associated with methane-oxidizing archaea. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 5483-5491. 

A handbook on inorganic and coordination chemistry of porphyrins has been published.1765 Factor F430 is the nickel-hydrocorphinoid group of the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase.47,48 The mystery of this particular metalloprotein is one of the major reasons for the development of Ni11-porhyrin coordination chemistry, although not the only one. 

Each catalytic center of methyl coenzyme M reductase, (MCR), contains a yellow chromophore factor F430.4 The structure of Ni-F430 determined by the crystallographic analysis and the proposed mechanism of MCR is shown in Scheme 10.47... 

Similar to porphyrin systems, Ni1 complexes with macrocyclic N4 ligands (in particular of the cyclam type) have been considered particularly instructive with respect to the chemistry of the active site of methyl coenzyme M reductase. In most cases, Ni1 species are produced by... 

C. Finazzo, J. Harmer, B. Jaun, E.C. Duin, F. Mahlert, R.K. Thauer, S. Van Doorslaer and A. Schweiger, Characterization of the MCRred2 form of methyl-coenzyme M reductase A pulse EPR and ENDOR study, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 8, 586. 

Grabarse WG, Mahlert F, Shima S, et al. 2000. Comparison of three methyl-coenzyme M reductases from phylogenetically distant organisms unusual amino acid modification, conservation and adaptation. J Mol Biol 303 329 4. 

Selmer T, Kahnt J, Gonbeand M, et al. 2000. The biosynthesis of methylated amino acids in the active site region of methyl-coenzyme M rednctase. J Biol Chem 275 3755-60. 

Corphin is the F-430 cofactor found in methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a nickel-containing enzyme that participates in the conversion of carbon dioxide to methane in methanogenic bacteria. The nickel ion in F-430 is coordinated by the tetrahydrocorphin ligand, which contains structural elements of both porphyrins and corrins. 

A tetrapyrrole (related to porphyrins and corrins) containing a nickel ion. This cofactor, corphin, is a crucial component of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a bacterial enzyme participating in the formation of methane. 

This cobalamin-dependent enzyme catalyzes the reaction of methyltetrahydromethanopterin with coenzyme M to produce methyl-coenzyme M and tetrahydrometha-nopterin. 

Methylbenzene halogen complex of, 3 122 iodine monochloridecomplese, 3 109 Methylchlorosilanes hydrolysis, 42 149-150, 157 pyrolysis products of, 7 356-363 Methylcobalamin, 19 151, 152 Methyl-coenzyme M reductase, 32 323-325 EPR spectra, 32 323, 325 F43 and, 32 323-324 function, 32 324-325 Methyl-CoM reductase, 32 329 Methyl cyanide, osmium carbonyl complexes, reaction, 30 198-201 Methylcyclophosphazene salts, 21 70 synthesis, 21 109... 

Currently, Ni(I) macrocyclic complexes have attracted much attention. This is because Ni(II) tetraaza macrocyclic complexes catalyze the electrochemical reduction of C02 and alkyl halides, and it is proposed that the Ni(I) species are involved in such reactions (1,2, 76-79, 82, 124-126). Furthermore, F430, a Ni(II) hydrocorphinoid complex, is a prosthetic group of methyl coenzyme M reductase that catalyzes the reductive cleavage of S-methyl coenzyme M to methane in the final stage of C02 reduction to methane (127-130). An EPR signal detected in whole cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum has been attributed to an Ni(I) form of F430 in intact active enzyme (131,132). 

Figure 16-27 (A) Structure of the nickel-containing prosthetic group F430 as isolated in the esterified (methylated) form. From Pfaltz et al.i59 The "front" face, which reacts with methyl-coenzyme M, is toward the reader.458 (B) Structure of a representative member of a family of tunichlorins isolated from marine tunicates.460 For tunichlorin R = R = H. Related compounds have R = CH3 and/or R = an alkyl group with 13-21 carbon atoms and up to six double bonds.

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