Furnaces, industrial heat source

Availability of by-product fuel and heat. Fuel and heat sources are readily available in many chemical industries with no cost other than handling. Forms of this by-product energy differ combustible chemical products from paper mills combustible gases from blast furnaces, poke ovens, and refineries hot air from smelters and cement plants. 

No.2 fuel oil comes from two sources first, it is the fraction distilled immediately after No. 1 fuel oil second, from cata-lytically cracked distillate. The former is often called gas oil (68476-30-2) because it was used to manufacture heating gas it is still used widely as domestic heating fuel. The cracked distillate is used in industrial furnaces for heating, and as a heavier diesel fuel, particularly in engines where constant loads are common, like railroad engines. 

The circulation of Earth s atmosphere is driven by heat from the Sim on the global scale, air circulation carries heat from warm equatorial regions to colder polar regions. The amount of power per unit area delivered by the Sun is called the solar constant and is approximately 1400 W/m, as measured on a unit area oriented perpendicular to the Sun s rays and located at Earth s mean distance from the Sun. This enormous rate of energy flow, averaged over Earth, dwarfs the combined output of all engines, power plants, industrial furnaces, and other anthropogenic heat sources. 

Additional sources are the Journal of Applied Optics and the Journal of the Optical Society of America, particularly for surface properties the Jour nal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer for gas properties the Jour -nal of Heat Tr ansfer andthe Inter national Journal of Heat and Mass Tr ansfer lor broad coverage and the Jour nal of the Institute of Ener gy for applications to industrial furnaces. 

Industrial furnaces serve the manufacturing sec tor and can be divided into two groups. Boiler furnaces, which are the larger group and are used solely to generate steam, were discussed earlier in the subsec tion on industrial boilers. Furnaces of the other group are classified as follows by (1) source of heat (fuel combustion or electricity), (2) func-... 

Source of Heat Industrial furnaces are either fuel-fired or electric, and the first decision that a prospective furnace user must make is between these two. Although elecdric furnaces are uniquely suited to a few apphcations in the chemical industiy (manufacture of sihcon carbide, calcium carbide, and graphite, for example), their principal use is in the metallurgical and metal-treatment industries. In most cases the choice between elecdric and fuel-fired is economic or custom-dictated, because most tasks that can be done in one can be done equally well in the other. Except for an occasional passing reference, electric furnaces will not be considered further here. The interested reader will find useful reviews of them in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th ed., vol. 12, articles by Cotchen, Sommer, and Walton, pp. 228-265, Wiley, New York, 1994) and in Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers (9th ed., article by Lewis, pp. 7.59-7.68, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987). 

GC-AAS has found late acceptance because of the relatively low sensitivity of the flame graphite furnaces have also been proposed as detectors. The quartz tube atomiser (QTA) [186], in particular the version heated with a hydrogen-oxygen flame (QF), is particularly effective [187] and is used nowadays almost exclusively for GC-AAS. The major problem associated with coupling of GC with AAS is the limited volume of measurement solution that can be injected on to the column (about 100 xL). Virtually no GC-AAS applications have been reported. As for GC-plasma source techniques for element-selective detection, GC-ICP-MS and GC-MIP-AES dominate for organometallic analysis and are complementary to PDA, FTIR and MS analysis for structural elucidation of unknowns. Only a few industrial laboratories are active in this field for the purpose of polymer/additive analysis. GC-AES is generally the most helpful for the identification of additives on the basis of elemental detection, but applications are limited mainly to tin compounds as PVC stabilisers. 

The Subpart O standards apply to units that treat or destroy hazardous waste and which meet the definition of an incinerator. An incinerator is any enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, sludge dryer, carbon regeneration unit, or industrial furnace. Typical incinerators1 2 3 include rotary kilns, liquid injectors, fixed hearth units, and fluidized bed incinerators (Table 23.1). The definition of an incinerator also includes units that meet the definition of an infrared incinerator or plasma arc incinerator. An infrared incinerator is any enclosed device that uses electric-powered resistance as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. A plasma arc incinerator is any enclosed device that uses a high-intensity electrical discharge as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. 

Cresols have been identified as components of automobile exhaust (Hampton et al. 1982 Johnson et al. 1989 Seizinger and Dimitriades 1972), and may volatilize from gasoline and diesel fuels used to power motor vehicles. Vehicular traffic in urban and suburban settings provides a constant source of cresols to the atmosphere. Hence, urban and suburban populations may be constantly exposed to atmospheric cresols. Cresols are also emitted to ambient air during the combustion of coal (Junk and Ford 1980), wood (Hawthorne et al. 1988, 1989), municipal solid waste (James et al. 1984 Junk and Ford 1980), and cigarettes (Arrendale et al. 1982 Novotny et al. 1982). Therefore, residents near coal- and petroleum-fueled electricity- generating facilities, municipal solid waste incinerators, and industries with conventional furnace operations or large-scale incinerators may be exposed to cresols in air. People in residential areas where homes are heated with coal, oil, or wood may also be exposed to cresols in air. 

The power consumption In the iron and steel industries amounts to 20 of the total energy used by the USA, most of which is obtained from coal [10]. The conversion of coal to coke can be exploited In three ways (a) coke is a source of heat and a blast furnace fuel for the production of pig iron (b) one-third of the coke oven gas (COG) is used as fuel for underfiring coke furnaces (c) the other two-thirds of the COG is used for reheating of furnaces in steel production plants. These reasons make necessary the analysis of COG and the fumes from blast furnaces and steel production plants —mainly H2, CH4, CO, CO2 and O2). Prior to analysis, the samples must be conditioned (Fig. 16.6) by removing tar, water and light oils. Hydrogen is normally measured by... 

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