Pollen transfer

Just as a Coulter Counter or a flow cytometer can automate or at least increase efficiency in counting heterospecific pollen transfer, use of artificial germination media still is an effective method of screening for pollen allelopathy. The fundamental approach recommended has not changed much in the last decade, i.e. sequentially dilute extracts from non-macerated... 

Murphy, S. D. and Aarssen, L. W. (1995). In vitro allelopathic effects of pollen from three Hieracium species (Asteraceae) and pollen transfer to sympatric Fabaceae. American Journal of Botany 82 37-45. 

A number of potential risks are associated with plant-based pharmaceuticals these include allergen exposure to the public, pollen transfer to wild species, nontarget organism exposure due to persistence of genetically engineered material in the environment, interspecies gene flow, and contamination of nontransgenic crops intended for human consumption. The role of risk analysis with respect to the impact of plant-based biopharmaceuticals on human health and the environment are discussed in this chapter. 

The animals that carried out the pollen transfer of anthers to the stigma flowers are known pollinators, and can be insects like bees, bettles, flies, butterflies, wasps and moth birds -hummingbirds and parakeets and small mammals - bats, rodents, and marsupials (Malagodi-Braga, 2005). Among pollinators, animals of Insecta class are the most important, and in the order Hymenoptera you can find the major number of them. Honeybees are the most important pollinators available in the nature. 

Though the processes of bud development, pollen transfer to the pollen plate, secondary pollen presentation, set-up of style tension and pollination by means of the explosive style movement are found in all Marantaceae, adult flowers vary in... 

When one counts the number of nodes at which certain isolation factors may have acted, both geographic isolation and adaptation to different pollinators occur most frequently. Only very few isolation events could be attributed to the diversification of the trigger mechanism and for this reason it is rejected as a key innovation forcing speciation within the Marantaceae for the Marantaceae. The surprising result is that the diversity of the floral elements intimately involved in the reproductive success does not appear to influence radiation. Its existence should instead be interpreted as an optimization of the reproductive system guaranteeing successful pollen transfer - a new hypothesis to be tested. 

Male sterility is the inability of the plant to produce functional anthers or pollen, through chromosomal aberrations, gene action, or cytoplasmic influences. Plant breeders make use of cytoplasmic male sterility and pollen fertility restorer genes to take advantage of hybrid vigor and superior performance of the hybrid over the parental fines due to heterosis. Many components critical for commercial hybrid production (Palmer et al., 2001) are lacking for flax a stable male-sterile, female-fertile sterility system a selection system to obtain 100% female plants that set seed normally and can be mechanically harvested and an efficient pollen transfer mechanism from pollen parent to female parent. Considerable research is needed before an efficient, productive, and cost-effective system of hybrid seed production conld be available in flax (Green et al., 2008). 

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