Functionally graded materials applications

Miyamoto, Y., et al., Functionally Graded Materials Design, Processing, Applications, Kluwer, 1999. 

Damzik, R.J., Neubrand, A., Rodel, J. (2000), Functionally graded materials by electrochemical processing and infiltration application to tungsten/copper composites , J. Mat. Sci., 35, 477 186. 

Functionally Graded Materials Design, Processing and Applications, edited by Y. Miyamoto, W.A. Kaysser, B.H. Rabin, A. Kawasaki and R.G. Ford, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London, 1999. 

Schindler, J., Meyer-Olbersleben, F., Kirbach, B., (1998), Fabrication of FGM-foils for joining application by wet powder spraying , presented at 5th International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials, Dresden, October 1998. 

The synthesis of several hundred materials, by both the SHS and VCS modes, has been reported in the literature. The types of compounds produced include carbides, borides, intermetallics, silicides, aluminides, composites, nitrides, hydrides, and oxides. The purpose of this section is to provide a description of the synthesized compounds, as well as the materials (i.e., powders, poreless materials, and functionally graded materials) and articles produced. The practical applications of experimental and technological methods are also described. 

In previous work [1-4] on ceramic/metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) for application to high-temperature heat-shielding structural components, we have developed a micromechanics-based computational approach to the FGM architecture, i.e. a design methodology to find the so-called "optimal gradation" in composition and microstructure. This paper reports a piece of our experimental work that has been done toward substantiation of the computational approach. 

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) distribute the material functions throughout the material body to achieve the maximum heat resistance and mechanical properties ideal for spacecraft where one side may be exposed to extremely high temperatures and the other side may be exposed to extremely low temperatures. Because FGMs characteristically have continuously varying material properties, many analytical methods developed for conventional composites with distinct phases may not be directly applicable to FGMs. 

Since 1984 Japanese scientists proposed the idea of "Functionally Graded Materials" (FGM), research on FGM is developing rapidly. For commercial applications of FGM, problems on design and processing have to be solved. 

Technology has recently been developed in Japan to manufacture materials which combine two or more constituent substances in graded proportions, as a means to achieve thermal relaxation. Such materials are known as functionally graded materials (FGMs). Application fields for such materials are found in mechanical, chemical, biological and... 

As part of the Japanese National Project on Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), we have been studying design methodology for the application to be used in future space programs. The purpose of this study is to control the compositional and microstructiu-al distribution in the materials so as to minimize thermal stresses imposed on the materials. This study can be understood as the tailoring of mechanical properties of materials. 

In this symposium, nearly three hundreds participants joined in order to exchange information which covers all aspects of functionally graded materials including their design, process and evaluation of structure, function, and integration, as well as applications. In particular, it should be noted that fifty five of these participants were from many countries in the world. 

What are some applications of functionally graded materials ... 

Noginov MA et al (eds) (2008) Metamaterials fundamentals and applications 10-13 Aug 2008, San Diego, California, USA spons. and publ. by SPIE Paulino GH et al (eds) (2008) Multiscale and functionally graded materials. In Proceedings of the international conference, FGMIX, Oahu Island, Hawaii, 15-18 Oct 2006 spons. org University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) et al., American Institute of Physics Sekhar JA et al (eds) (2008) Iimovation in materials science special topic volume with invited papers only. Trans Tech, Enfield, NH... 

The use of Engineering Ceramics, introduces entirely new fields to be considered. These include mechanical properties, decorative ceramics, environmental uses, energy applications, bioceramics, composites, functionally graded materials, intelligent ceramics and so on. 

Pompe W, Worch H, Epple M, Friess W, Gelinsky M, Greil P, Hempel U, Scharnweber D and Schulte K (2003) Functionally graded materials for biomedical applications, Mater Sci Eng A 362 40-60. 

Aerospace applications of ceramic matrix composites to date have been limited. Perhaps the most significant are the aircraft engine flaps used on a French fighter. There are two types. Both use silicon carbide matrices. One is reinforced with carbon fibers, and the other with a multifllament silicon carbide fiber. Another application is a missile diverter thruster made of carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide. Again, the process used to make this part is CVI. The Space Shuttle Orbiter thermal protection system (TPS) makes extensive use of tiles composed of a three-dimensional network of discontinuous oxide fibers with silicate surface layers. While there is no continuous matrix for most of the tile, the surface region is a form of CMC. In a sense, this can be considered to be a type of functionally graded material. 

Final Report 2004, EC/BBW Contract No. ICA-CT-2000-10020, FP5 INCO-Copemicus project LAMINATES (Silicon Nitride Based Laminar and Functionally Graded Ceramic Composites for Engineering Applications), project partners University of Warwick (UK), FCT Technologie (Germany), Institute for Problems of Materials Science (Ukraine), Materials Research Center Ltd (Ukraine), Institute for Problems of Strength (Ukraine), Institute of Chemical Physics (Armenia), Drexel University (USA), EMPA (Switzerland). 

According to the function in a component. Figure 22.1 gives some examples of applications of graded materials, which allow unusual combinations of properties. 

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