Functional brain imaging

Almkvist O (2000). Functional brain imaging as a looking-glass into the degraded brain Reviewing evidence from Alzheimer disease in relation to normal aging. Acta Psychologica, 105, 255-277. 

Functional brain imaging, which monitors blood flow or glucose utilization through Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or functional (f) MRI ... 

The first lecture given by Tomas Hokfelt, who pioneered anatomical studies based on amine fluorescence, was entitled, Neuroanatomy for the Neurochemist while the second lecture given by Louis Sokoloff, who invented the methodology of functional brain imaging originally based on metabolism of radionuclide labeled-2-deoxyglucose, was entitled Neurochemistry for the Neuroanatomist . The history and further information... 

Since the early 90s, noninvasive functional brain imaging of humans using NIR methods have been slowly gaining momentum despite existence of more established imaging modailties, such as PET, fMRI, and EEG. Part of the reason as stated previously, is because of its relatively high temporal resolution and its ability to monitor multiple tissue chromophores. The technique has been applied to adult as well as infant studies. NIR method is particularly suited for infant studies as the equipment, at least the CW kind, are minimally restraining, relatively safe, and portable [67]. Most neonatal studies focus on sensory stimulation such as visual, auditory and olfactory stimulations [69] [101] [89] [115] [6] [5], and cerebral disfunction [70, 71]. Our review will focus primarily on adult studies with some emphasis on defense and security applications. 

Table 1 Functional brain imaging studies of nicotine or cigarette administration... 

Part of the reason may be the relatively crude nature of the tools we have had until recently to study brain function. However, this is clearly beginning to change. Genetic research and functional brain imaging, which actually takes pictures of the brain in action, may ultimately give us a glimpse of brain receptor and enzyme activity that was unthinkable just a few years ago. 

Brain imaging (preferably MRI) to look for evidence of structural damage is essential after TBI. MRI, while more expensive and time-consuming, can sometimes detect small brain lesions that are missed by CT, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes that are common sources of psychiatric complications after TBI. In addition, an electroencephalogram (EEG) can detect seizure activity or other signs of abnormal brain function. Although they are not yet part of the routine post-TBI evaluation, the so-called functional brain imaging techniques such as positron emis-... 

M.D. Devous Sr., Functional brain imaging in the dementias Role in early detection, differential diagnosis, and longitudinal studies, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 29 (2002) 1685-1696. 

Future directions for research include specific testing of the attentional hypotheses proposed above. Attempting to replicate the attentional impairments of AD and/or PD with the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine will help establish the relevance of nicotinic mechanisms to these impairments. Studies of functional brain imaging are justified to begin to define the ana-... 

Effect on brain metabolic and perfusion parameters measured by functional brain imaging (SPECT, PET, fMRI see Chapter 6). 

Carson, R., Daube-Witherspoon, M.. Herscovitch, P. Quantitative Functional Brain Imaging With Positron Emission Tomography. Academic Press, New York, 1998. 

Gillin JC, Buchsbaum M, Wu J, Clark C, Bunney W Jr (2001) Sleep deprivation as a model experimental antidepressant treatment findings from functional brain imaging. 

Neural Modeling and Functional Brain Imaging The Interplay Between the Data-Fitting and Simulation Approaches... 

Magistretti PJ, Pellerin L. 1999. Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354 1155-1163. 

Gur RE, Chin S. 1999. Laterality in functional brain imaging studies of schizophrenia. Schiz Bull 25(1) 141-156. 

The effort to understand those brain functions that account for variance in psychometric intelligence produced a set of replicated correlations with indices at different levels of explanation. Future work will add to these associations and should devote more effort to explaining these correlations. A part of this explanatory toil must come from linking individual differences at different levels of description. Some contributions toward that end were offered, including statistical modelling, pharmacological intervention, functional brain imaging and event related potential studies. 

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