Infant studies

Slope factors for the blood lead contribution from diet in adults can be obtained from an experimental study (Cools et al. 1976) and a duplicate diet study (Sherlock et al. 1982). These slope factors range from 0.027 to 0.034 pg/dL blood per pg lead intake/day (EPA 1986a). The data from the duplicate diet infant study by Ryu et al. (1983) were reanalyzed to derive a slope factor of 0.24 pg/dL blood per pg/day lead intake (EPA 1990e). 

Since the early 90s, noninvasive functional brain imaging of humans using NIR methods have been slowly gaining momentum despite existence of more established imaging modailties, such as PET, fMRI, and EEG. Part of the reason as stated previously, is because of its relatively high temporal resolution and its ability to monitor multiple tissue chromophores. The technique has been applied to adult as well as infant studies. NIR method is particularly suited for infant studies as the equipment, at least the CW kind, are minimally restraining, relatively safe, and portable [67]. Most neonatal studies focus on sensory stimulation such as visual, auditory and olfactory stimulations [69] [101] [89] [115] [6] [5], and cerebral disfunction [70, 71]. Our review will focus primarily on adult studies with some emphasis on defense and security applications. 

Waldrop, M.R and Halverson, C.F.J. (1971) Minor physical anomalies and hyperactive behavior in young children. In Hellumuth, J. ed. Exceptional Infant Studies of Abnormalities, Vol II. New York, Brunner/Mazel, pp. 343-380. 

The auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in neonates who were exposed prenatally to cocaine showed prolonged absolute peak latencies compared with non-exposed neonates and may indicate compromise of the auditory system from gestational exposure to cocaine (333). Among 58 infants studied, 21 (36%) were positive by meconium analysis for cocaine, and five (8.5%) were also positive for cannabinoids. There were significant differences in mean maternal age, gravidity, parity, birth weight, and head circumference among cocaine-exposed infants. 

The first indication of possible adrenal hypoplasia in an infant studied by the authors was the finding of an abnormally low level of estriol in plasma obtained from the mother prior to delivery. The urinary excretion of 16a-OH-DHA, 16-oxo-androstenediol, and 16a-OH-pregnenolone was only about one-tenth that expected for normal newborn infants. This infant died of respiratory failure 30 hours after birth postmortem examination showed very small adrenal glands. 

A defect in the synthesis of aldosterone in infancy may not be permanent. Royer et al. (R18) reported two siblings with a salt-losing syndrome who responded well to 11-deoxycorticosterone acetate when one of the children was reinvestigated after 5 years, it was found that the aldosterone secretion rate was normal. Two infants studied by Russell and co-worker (R19) had salt loss in infancy and were treated with salt and 11-deoxycorticosterone acetate, but it was possible to discontinue the treatment of one infant at the age of 12 months and the other after SY2 years. 

Table 50.2 Distribution of weight, height, surfaoe area and thyroid volume (mean SEM) in the preterm infants studied...

Calculated Intakes of amino acids when formulas were fed In amounts sufficient to maintain good growth In all the Infants studies—the amino acids were not varied Independently (2). 

For these reasons, it seems imperative that if one is to have a solution for complete intravenous nutrition in the infant, studies must be done to determine the requirements of both the macro- and micronutrients. 

Ehrenkranz, R.A., Gettner, P.A., NeDi, C.M., Sherwonit, E.A., Williams, J.E., Ting, B.T., and Janghorbani, M. (1991) Selenium absorption and retention by very-low-birth-weight infants studies with the extrinsic stable isotope tag Se. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, 13, 125-133. 

An alternative approach to determine dietary essentiality of AA is based on the use of [ Cg] glucose whose subsequent metabolism may lead to appearance of [ C] isotopomers in dispensable AA via cataplerotic sequences of the Krebs cycle that is, an inside-out approach. This technique has been employed to good effect in human infant studies (Jaksic et al, 1994 Miller et al, 1995), and we have also applied the approach in studies with post-hatch chicks (Sunny et al, 2004) and hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis) fed glucose (Bequette et al, 2005). The comparison between... 

Infants between 6 and 12 months of age who were fed human milk and exposed to an average of 35 minday of sunshine had similar 25(OH)D concentrations at 1 year of age whether the infants received 400 lU of vitamin D or no vitamin D supplementation. However, in Norway, in the winter, older infants who received an average of 5 pg day of vitamin D had normal 25(OH)D levels that were intermediate between those of infants studied at the end of the summer and formula-fed infants. 

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