Function in cells

On the other hand, cNOS is continuously expressed in the ceils, and upon stimulation of the cell, the formation of NO begins immediately. However, the amounts of NO produced are minute. The nature of NO in cells expressing cNOS is only to act as a messenger molecule, whereas NO has also other functions in cells expressing iNOS. For example, NO has bacteria and cell killing properties in immunological cells, such as phagocytes. ... 

Goldberg, N. D. (1975). Cyclic nucleotides and cell function. In Cell membranes, biochemistry, cell biology, and pathology. edited by G. Weissman and R. Claiborne, pp. 185-202. H. P. Publishing, New York. 

Topoisomerase Type Structure Gene Predominant function in cell... 

SI00 proteins have multiple biological functions in cells some are secreted from cells and activate receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-dependent cellular pathways. 

Tiwari, S.C., Wick, S.M., Williamson, R.E., Gunning, B.E. (1984). Cytoskeleton and integration of cellular function in cells of higher plants. J. Cell Biol. 99,63S-69S. 

Triacylglycerols are the major energy-storing lipids, whereas phosphoglycerols, sphingomyelin, and gly-cosphingolipids are amphipathic and have structural functions in cell membranes as well as other specialized roles. 

Important products derived from amino acids include heme, purines, pyrimidines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and biologically active peptides. In addition, many proteins contain amino acids that have been modified for a specific function such as binding calcium or as intermediates that serve to stabilize proteins—generally structural proteins—by subsequent covalent cross-hnk-ing. The amino acid residues in those proteins serve as precursors for these modified residues. Small peptides or peptide-like molecules not synthesized on ribosomes fulfill specific functions in cells. Histamine plays a central role in many allergic reactions. Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids include y-aminobutyrate, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Many drugs used to treat neurologic and psychiatric conditions affect the metabolism of these neurotransmitters. 

The polyamines spermidine and spermine (Figure 31-4) function in cell proliferation and growth, are growth factors for culmred mammalian cells, and stabilize intact cells, subcellular organelles, and membranes. Pharmacologic doses of polyamines are hypothermic... 

In some species, onion (2), tomato, and sugar beet (13), the interface regions between cells, ie the middle lamella and the cell corners, are rich in relatively unesterified pectins which may function in cell-cell adhesion and play an important structural role in tissue integrity. Cell corners, in particular, may act as joists in the scaffolding function of the wall, bearing much of the mechanical load of the tissue (Jeronomidis, pers. comm.). In Zinnia leaves, although all of the cell-walls contain methyl-esterified pectin. 

A unifying theme of the role of oncogene function in cell transformation is that the expression of the proto-oncogenes is normally tightly... 

We have largely left on one side some functions of one element often thought of as a nonmetal, i.e. hydrogen, since it shares functions of both metals and non-metals (see Section 2.22). We have therefore placed a paragraph on hydrogen biochemistry after the description of metal ion functions in cells (see Section 4.17). 

Neurexins a protein kinase. A component of active zones that interact with RIM, syntaxin and other proteins. Cell surface proteins with more than 1,000 isoforms generated by alternative splicing from three genes. Neurexins include one of the receptors for aratrotoxin and may function in cell-cell recognition between neurons. 

Protein kinases, in cooperation with other proteins, form multiprotein complexes which are susceptible to activation upon external agonist stimuli. According to different functions in cell-cycle regulation, the conformational changes are initiated by autophosphorylation and dimerization transmitted by the previously discussed second messengers cAMP, cGMP, IP3, PIP3, AA and DAG. 

Pickett-Heaps JD. Further observations on the Golgi apparatus and its functions in cells of the wheat seedling. J Ultrastruct Res 1967 18 287. 

Figure 6.10. Phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase activity. The enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy (Ptdlns 3-OH) kinase may phosphorylate inositol lipids as shown, to generate a series of novel polar lipids that may function in cell activation. See text for details.

Nayak, S., et al., The Caenorhabditis elegans Skpl-related gene family diverse functions in cell proliferation, morphogenesis, and meiosis. Curr Biol, 2002, 12(4), 277-87. 

In this manner, the DNA strand shown above would direct the synthesis of a strand of RNA that would, in turn, direct the synthesis of a protein molecule. The protein molecule in the example given would consist of an isoleucine molecule (-A-T-T-) attached to an arginine molecule (-C-G-G-), attached to a histidine molecule (-G-A-G-), and so on Ile-Arg-His-. The molecule formed in this way might be the enzyme needed hy cells to assist in the breakdown of glucose molecules, to form red blood cells, to build cell walls, or to carry out some other essential function in cells. 

CN166 Puertollano, M. A., M. A. de Pablo and G. Alvarez de Gienfuegos. Relevance of dietary lipids as modulators of immune functions in cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002 9(2) 352-357. 

The execution of the apoptotic program is strictly controlled at several levels. This creates links to signaling pathways that have a control function in cell division. 

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