Fuels selected properties

Because of increasing demands for high-quality diesel fuels, many studies on fundamental and technological aspects of Co-based FTS catalysts have been made in order to improve our understanding of their activity and selectivity property.1 10... 

Selected Properties of the Motor Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Refined from Fe-HTFT Syncrude and Coal Liquids at Sasol 2, Which Were Marketed as Final Products in South Africa in the 1980s... 

Once ignition has occurred in a mixture of fuel and oxidizer, propagation will continue, provided the concentrations are sufficient and no disturbance results in excessive cooling. The zeroth-order rate model is assumed to represent the lean case. Substituting the selected properties into Equation (4.43), the net release and loss curves are plotted in Figure 4.22 as a function of the flame temperature. The initial temperature of the mixture is 25 °C and fuel mass fractions are 0.05 and 0.03, representative of stoichiometric and the lower limit respectively. At this lower limit, we should see that a steady solution is not possible, and the calculations should bear this out. The burning rate is evaluated at the flame temperature, and 6K is found from Equation (4.44) with Su at the flame temperature... 

Fixed carbon is the combustible residue left after the volatile matter is driven off. It is not all carbon. Its form and hardness are an indication of fuel coking properties and, therefore, serve as a guide in the selection of combustion equipment. Generally, fixed carbon represents that portion of fuel that must be burned in the solid state. 

In South Africa, owing to the diversity and small production volume of specific motor car models, it is not economically feasible to blow-mold HDPE fuel tanks. The only cost-effective plastic tank manufacturing process used in South Africa is rotational molding, using LLDPE with a density of 0.939 g/cm3. Some selected properties of LLDPE before and after petrol exposure are compared to HDPE in Table 16.2. It is clear that owing to weaker mechanical properties, LLDPE is far less suitable than HDPE for petrol containment, mainly because of its lower crystallinity. 

The fuel selected for use with HAN should be totally compatible and therefore, nitrate salts of amines are the natural choice for this purpose. Based on a study with aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic amines, aliphatic amines are considered a better choice and a formulation containing the nitrate salt of triethanolamine (TEA), that is, TEAN [(CH2OHCH2)3 NHNOJ is currently in use. HAN-based propellants consist of HAN, water and TEAN. Some typical formulations of LGP are given in Table 4.2 along with their properties. These three propellants differ from one another only in respect of the amount of water which they contain. 

J.R. Gibson J.D. Weber, Handbook of Selected Properties of Air- and Water-Reactive Materials , NAVAMMODEP RDTR 144 (1969), 21-22 25) L. Greiner, Solid Fuel and... 

Selected Properties of Hydrogen and Other Fuel Gases, 109... 

All the above mentioned fuels have certain factors in common (i.e., variable and often unstable chemical composition). This means changing physical-chemical properties and possible presence of large amounts of solid particles. Often there are also dissolved inorganic compounds present. A comparison of selected properties of ELFO, LFO, HFO, rapeseed oil, and its corresponding transesterification products with methanol and ethanol is shown in Table 20.2. 

Maier W.F. (1998) Amorphous microporous mixed oxides, new selective catalysts with chemo- and shape-selective properties. Prep. Symp. Amer. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 43,534-537. 

The nuclear properties of a material must be the first consideration in the selection of a suitable nuclear fuel. Principle properties are those bearing on neutron economy absorption and fission cross sections, the reactions and products that result, neutron production, and the energy released. These are properties of a specific nuclide, such as Th, and its product during breeding,... 

Table 7.5 Selected properties of diesel fuel, FAME and rape oil (various sources).

TABLE V Selected Properties of Diesel Fuel, FAME, and Rape Oil... 

TaUe 17.7. Selected properties of solid fuels and waste fuels other than coals... 

Table 1.8. Comparison of selected properties for PEM fuel cells with different fuels under standard condition (25 C, 1 atm) [91]. (Reprinted from Journal of Power Sources, 154(1), Qian W, Wilkinson DP, Shen J, Wang H, Zhang J, Architecture for portable direct liquid fuel cells, 202-13, 2006, with permission from Elsevier.)...

The properties of straight run diesel fuels depend on both nature of the crude oil and selected distillation range. Thus the paraffinic crudes give cuts of satisfactory cetane number but poorer cold characteristics the opposite will be observed with naphthenic or aromatic crudes. The increasing demand for diesel fuel could lead the refiner to increase the distillation end point, but that will result in a deterioration of the cloud point. It is generally accepted that a weight gain in yield of 0.5% could increase the cloud point by 1°C. The compromise between quantity and quality is particularly difficult to reconcile. 

Lead Telluride. Lead teUuride [1314-91 -6] PbTe, forms white cubic crystals, mol wt 334.79, sp gr 8.16, and has a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale. It is very slightly soluble in water, melts at 917°C, and is prepared by melting lead and tellurium together. Lead teUuride has semiconductive and photoconductive properties. It is used in pyrometry, in heat-sensing instmments such as bolometers and infrared spectroscopes (see Infrared technology AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY), and in thermoelectric elements to convert heat directly to electricity (33,34,83). Lead teUuride is also used in catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel ceUs (qv) (84), as cathodes in primary batteries with lithium anodes (85), in electrical contacts for vacuum switches (86), in lead-ion selective electrodes (87), in tunable lasers (qv) (88), and in thermistors (89). 

Properties. Most of the alloys developed to date were intended for service as fuel cladding and other stmctural components in hquid-metal-cooled fast-breeder reactors. AHoy selection was based primarily on the following criteria corrosion resistance in Hquid metals, including lithium, sodium, and NaK, and a mixture of sodium and potassium strength ductihty, including fabricabihty and neutron considerations, including low absorption of fast neutrons as well as irradiation embrittlement and dimensional-variation effects. Alloys of greatest interest include V 80, Cr 15, Ti 5... 

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