Fuels gasohol

Figure 3. Overview of motivations for entry into the alcohol fuel/gasohol segment...

In the first years of gasohol use some starting and driveabiUty problems were reported (19). Not all vehicles experienced these problems, however, and better fuel economy was often indicated even though the energy content of the fuel was reduced. Gasohol was exempted from the federal excise tax amounting to a 0.16/L ( 0.60/gal) subsidy. Without this subsidy, ethanol would be too expensive for use even as a fuel additive. 

Nearly four biUion L/yr of ethanol are added to gasoline and sold as gasohol (18). The starting or driveabiUty difficulties have been solved, in part, by the advances in vehicle technology employing fuel feedback controls. 

Vehicle Emissions. Gasohol has some automotive exhaust emissions benefits because adding oxygen to a fuel leans out the fuel mixture, producing less carbon monoxide [630-08-2] (CO). This is tme both for carbureted vehicles and for those having electronic fuel injection. 

The Energy PoHcy Act of 1992 (H.R. 776) has Hberalized the rules concerning biofuels and provides tax incentives for increased usage. Many states also have gasohol fuel tax exemptions in place, and some have enacted legislation that requites use of oxygenated fuels under certain conditions. Most of these laws impact favorably on biofuels usage. 

Starting in the city of Sao Paulo in 1977, and extending to the entire state of Sao Paulo in 1978, a gasohol incorporating 20% ethanol was mandated. Brazil s National Alcohol Program (Proalcool) set an initial goal of providing the 20% fuel mixture nationwide by 1980—1981 and a system of special tax, warranty, and price considerations were enacted to advance the aims of Proalcool. 

Gasohol in the United States. Over 90% of the fuel ethanol in the United States is produced from com. Typically, 0.035 m (1 bushel) of com yields 9.5 L (2.5 gal) of ethanol. Ethanol is produced by either dry or wet milling (87). Selection of the process depends on market demand for the by-products of the two processes. More than two-thirds of the ethanol in the United States is produced by wet milling. Depending on the process used, the full cost of ethanol after by-product credits has been estimated to be between 0.25—0.53/L ( 1—2/gal) for new plants (88). Eeedstock costs are a significant factor in the production of fuel ethanol. A change in com price of 0.29/m ( 1.00/bushel) affects the costs of ethanol by 0.08/L ( 0.30/gal). 

Clean Fuels low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline, including gasohol and natural and LP gas. 

Transportation fuels are the largest consumers of crude oil. Petroleum-based transportation fuels are responsible for 35 percent of greenhouse gas emissions m the United States. Only percent of transportation fuels comes from renewable nonpetro-leum-based sources, primarily from the use of corn-based ethanol blended with gasoline to make gasohol. Increased use of biofuels could lower some of the pollution caused by the use of transportatiou fuels. 

In 1997 a total 1.3 billion gals of ethanol fuel was produced in the United States. Proposed new low sulfur conventional gasoline standards could greatly increase the demand for ethanol since desulfurization may lower gasoline octane. Almost all fuel ethanol is used as gasohol, but some is used to make E-85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline). E-85 can be used in flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) which can operate on gasoline or ethanol blends of to 85 percent ethanol. 

Methyl alcohol, CH2OH, also called wood alcohol or wood spirit, since it was formerly obtained from the destructive distillation of wood. It has also been synthesised from carbon monoxide and hydrogen or by fermentation of various sugar containing crops. Used as a part replacement for petrol in Gasohol to deliver a more environmentally friendly fuel, i.e., from renewable resources. 

Whac has been the fastest growing use of methanol is not in the petrochemical industry at all but in the automotive fuel business. As much as 40% of the methanol produced ends up in gasoline via two routes, the manufacture of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline-blending compound, and as a direct substitute for gasoline—either in part as a gasohol blend or in total. 

Source Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 87 octane gasoline (24.0 mg/L), 94 octane gasoline (80.7 mg/L), Gasohol (32.3 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (0.50 mg/L), jet fuel A (0.23 mg/L), diesel fuel (0.28 mg/L), militaryjet fuel JP-4 (17.6 mg/L) (Potter, 1996), new motor oil (0.37-0.40 jg/L), and used motor oil (195-198 Jg/L) (Chen et ah, 1994). Diesel fuel obtained from a service station in Schlieren, Switzerland contained benzene at a concentration of 76 mg/L (Schluep et al, 2001). The average volume percent and estimated mole fraction in American Petroleum Institute PS-6 gasoline were 2.082 and 0.2969, respectively (Poulsen et al, 1992). Schauer et al. (1999) reported benzene in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 2,740 pg/km. 

Chemical [CASRN] Regular Gasoline Super Gasoline Gasohol 2 Fuel Oil Jet Euel A Diesel Fuel JP-4 ... 

Ethanol has a lot of uses fuel, solvent, antifreeze agent, and mood-modifying substance for people. Automobiles, if suitably modified, can run on pure ethanol or, more commonly, on ethanol mixed with gasoline. In the United States gasohol is typically 10% ethanol/90% gasoline. Less conunon is E-85, which, as the name implies, is 85% ethanol. 

The predominant method of ethanol manufacture, at one time, was by fermentation of sugars this method went out of use in the 1930s. However, com fermentation is now a source of 92% of all ethanol and is used for gasohol, a 10% alcohol 90% gasoline blend used for automobile fuel. 

One possible solution is to increase the use of ethanol as an oxygen additive to gasoline. Some experts had long recommended a gasoline-alcohol mixture known as gasohol as an inexpensive, efficient fuel for use in motor vehicles that would reduce the emission of carbon... 

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