Gasoline gasohol

Chemical [CASRN] Regular Gasoline Super Gasoline Gasohol 2 Fuel Oil Jet Euel A Diesel Fuel JP-4 ... 

But ethanol cannot be blended into gasoline at the refinery because it is hygroscopic and picks up traces of water in pipelines and storage tanks. Also, ethanol shipped away from the Midwest, where it is made by com fermentation, would add to the cost of gasoline. Gasohol may increase air pollution because gasoline containing ethanol evaporates more quickly. Studies and debate continue. 

Like methanol, ethanol is a good motor fuel, with similar advantages and disadvantages. The race cars at the Indianapolis 500 have used ethanol as their primary fuel since 2006. A car s carburetor must be adjusted (for a richer mixture) and fitted with alcohol-resistant seals if it is to run on pure ethanol. Solutions of about 10% ethanol in gasoline ( gasohol ) work well without any adjustments, however. 

A considerable wood hydrolysis industry with rather old traditions is located in the Soviet Union. The main fermentation product based on hexoses in wood hydrolyzates is ethyl alcohol, but pentoses and aliphatic acids can also be utilized in the production of proteins (see Section 10.2.3). A variety of chemicals, including ethylene, ethylene oxide, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid, can be produced from ethyl alcohol. One interesting future application of ethyl alcohol concerns its use as a motor fuel mixed with gasoline (gasohol). 

Vehicles in New Zealand are required to run on at least two types of fuels which include CNG, propane, methanol, gasoline, gasohol, and diesel. Comment on the two fuels you would select for your vehicle if hving in New Zealand. 

Fermentation is currently employed on a laige scale to supply the vast quantities of ethanol needed as a renewable green fuel souree, so-ealled bioethanol or, as a 10% additive to gasoline, gasohol. A variety of feed stoeks, such as sugar cane, com, switchgrass, and straw, can be eonverted quite efficiently to ethanol in this way (see Real Life 3-1). Worldwide produetion in 2012 is estimated at 40 billion liters. 

The use of a primer to promote adhesion and fill in voids in the substrate can help to improve part appearance and quality. The use of adhesion promoters on olefinic substrates such as TPO and PP not only is necessary for adhesion but also dramatically influences other properties such as gasoline, gasohol, and even gouge resistance. Adhesion promoters for TPO and polypropylene (PP) are commonly chlorinated based polyolefin (CPO) primers (64) that contain a co-resin, conductive carbon black, and hydrocarbon solvents for optimum CPO solubUity. Other resins can also be beneficial in improving adhesion especially under humidity conditions (65). 

Nearly four biUion L/yr of ethanol are added to gasoline and sold as gasohol (18). The starting or driveabiUty difficulties have been solved, in part, by the advances in vehicle technology employing fuel feedback controls. 

The term gasohol has come into wide usage to identify, generally, a blend of gasoline and ethanol, with the latter derived from grain. The term may also be appHed to blends of methanol or other alcohols in gasolines or other hydrocarbons, without regard to sources of components. 

Clean Fuels low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline, including gasohol and natural and LP gas. 

Transportation fuels are the largest consumers of crude oil. Petroleum-based transportation fuels are responsible for 35 percent of greenhouse gas emissions m the United States. Only percent of transportation fuels comes from renewable nonpetro-leum-based sources, primarily from the use of corn-based ethanol blended with gasoline to make gasohol. Increased use of biofuels could lower some of the pollution caused by the use of transportatiou fuels. 

In 1997 a total 1.3 billion gals of ethanol fuel was produced in the United States. Proposed new low sulfur conventional gasoline standards could greatly increase the demand for ethanol since desulfurization may lower gasoline octane. Almost all fuel ethanol is used as gasohol, but some is used to make E-85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline). E-85 can be used in flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) which can operate on gasoline or ethanol blends of to 85 percent ethanol. 

Whac has been the fastest growing use of methanol is not in the petrochemical industry at all but in the automotive fuel business. As much as 40% of the methanol produced ends up in gasoline via two routes, the manufacture of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline-blending compound, and as a direct substitute for gasoline—either in part as a gasohol blend or in total. 

Ethyl alcohol is being used extensively in the United States as an auto-, motive gasoline supplement, known as gasohol. However, the source of the... 

Source Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 87 octane gasoline (24.0 mg/L), 94 octane gasoline (80.7 mg/L), Gasohol (32.3 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (0.50 mg/L), jet fuel A (0.23 mg/L), diesel fuel (0.28 mg/L), militaryjet fuel JP-4 (17.6 mg/L) (Potter, 1996), new motor oil (0.37-0.40 jg/L), and used motor oil (195-198 Jg/L) (Chen et ah, 1994). Diesel fuel obtained from a service station in Schlieren, Switzerland contained benzene at a concentration of 76 mg/L (Schluep et al, 2001). The average volume percent and estimated mole fraction in American Petroleum Institute PS-6 gasoline were 2.082 and 0.2969, respectively (Poulsen et al, 1992). Schauer et al. (1999) reported benzene in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 2,740 pg/km. 

Source Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 94 octane gasoline and Gasohol at concentrations of 0.14 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively (Potter, 1996). 

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