Fuel integrated

AOOs have no effect on fuel integrity as discussed in Section 11.6. The... 

The effects of the 11 postulated design basis events (DBEs) on the reactor core are discussed in the following. The effects of these events on fuel integrity are discussed in Chapter 15 which shows that the fuel integrity is... 

Reactor faults can act rapidly, allowing no time for operator action should the protection fail. In these circumstances it is vital to have a number of lines of identically protecting systems (redundancy) to maintain safety. Defence in depth is provided. For example, containment of fission products is ensured by a combination of fuel integrity, cladding, pressure vessel integrity and containment structures. 

On the other hand, in Europe, the site selection criteria usually consider the site-plant complex. Therefore, for example, if a plant with the usual safety systems could not be located on a specific site because accident doses exceeded the reference limits, it was possible to make the plant acceptable for the same site by the improvement of the systems for fuel integrity protection in case of accidents. 

Fuel damage limits II.3.1 Fuel (integrity criteria in accidents, Doppler effect)... 

A technical superintendent at TMI-2 who arrived on the plant at 03 45, subsequently said I had the perception that we were in a very unusual situation, since I had never seen the pressurizer level increase and stay at a high value and, at the same time, the pressure staying low. They [the pressure and the level] had always behaved in the same way . As a consequence of the described evaluation errors the primary circuit continued to lose water for hours and in addition the automatic core cooling system, correctly activated, could not perform its function of fuel integrity protection. It is now known that if the block valve had been closed after one and half or two hours or if the operation of the HPI only had not been arrested, even without the closure of the valve, the Three Mile Island accident would have been no more than a modest nuisance of operation. For completeness of information it has to be added that the possibility of an accident of the type of TMI-2 had been foreseen by some experts. If these foresights had been confirmed by in-depth theoretical studies and possibly by experimental tests, their results, duly made known to interested people, would have enabled the TMI-2 operators to correctly diagnose the fault and react correctly. 

FC Hybrids in 2004-2006, the Alameda Contra Costa Transit (AC Transit) and SunLine Transit (serving the Palm Springs, California, area) demonstrated 40-foot Van Hool buses using UTC Power s FC stacks and compressed hydrogen fuel integrated with an ISE hybrid electric drive system. 

The acceptance criterion for GSI 022 is that new plants shall minimize the consequences of inadvertent boron dilution events by meeting the intent of SRP Section 15.4.6. Specifically, when performing a safety analysis to evaluate the consequences of an inadvertent boron dilution, plant designers should consider (1) design limits for maximum RCS pressure and minimum DNBR, (2) moderate frequency events in conjunction with a single failure or operator error and their possible effects on fuel integrity and radiological dose calculations, (3) and time limits specified for each mode of plant operation, if operator action is required to terminate an inadvertent boron dilution. 

Static and seismic loads are transmitted by bolts to floor embedments and/or to the k>o1 walls by horizontal compressive beams. During a safe shutdown, earthquake (SSE),. stored fuel integrity is maintained following im SSE, fuel is removable. Following a SSE, stored fuel is reusable. 

In order to avoid generation of secondary waste streams and scrap, as well as occupational exposures, it is common agreement that spent fuel integrity should be maintained as long as possible, until an acceptable final physicochemical form is completely and ultimately... 

Maintenance of fuel integrity through quality control of the storage environment (the water quality in wet storage, the atmosphere in dry storage, adequate cooling, etc.) ... 

Besmann, Th.M., Lindemer, T. B. Chemical thermodynamics of the system Cs-U-Zr-H-l-O in the light-water reactor fuel-cladding gap. Nucl. Technology 40, 297-305 (1978) Burman, D. L. Methods for estimating numbers of failed rods from coolant activity analysis. Proc. Workshop Fuel Integrity Monitoring by Coolant Activity Analysis, Charlotte, N. C USA, 1986... 

Minimization of fuel cost and securing fuel integrity under long-life operation of the core adequate fuel bum-up ... 

Limits for the permissible specific activity of the reactor coolant should be stated in order to ensure the protection of persormel and the environment as well as to provide a measure of fuel integrity, as discussed in the safety analysis report. If online measurement of coolant activity is used to monitor the fuel cladding integrity in operation, the minimum provisions for the detection and, where appropriate, identification of failed or suspect fuel should be stated. 

Here q, is the latent heat of vaporization. The heat transfer number, V/ represents the ratio of the vaporization potential of the ambient environment to the vaporization energy requirement of the liquid fuel. Integrating Equation (6.32) yields... 

Maintaining spent fuel integrity such that significant radioactive releases do not occur (as a result of impacts or overheating). 

A major objective of the design of AHWR has been to provide a capability to withstand a wide range of postulated events without exceeding the specified fuel temperature, thereby maintaining fuel integrity. The safety analysis of AHWR has identified an exhaustive list of 43 postulated initiating events. The events considered are categorized as follows ... 

To ensure this fuel integrity will be maintained, the plant design for normal and accident conditions ... 

Control rod and reserve shutdown system reactivity for a plutonium core they will be similar for LEU core. Fuel maximum operational temperature and temperature limit are time-averaged temperatures specified to assure fuel integrity during accidents. 

This subsection should provide relevant information on the fuel handling and storage systems used for fresh fuel as described in paras 3.65-3.70. It should include details of the measures proposed to ensure that fresh fuel is maintained in a safe condition at all times. This should include considerations such as packaging, fuel accounting systems, storage, criticality prevention, fuel integrity control and fuel security. 

Methods of achieving a conservative safety margin for prototypical fuels Verification of fuel integrity and... 

On November 24, 1981, 15 months before the Salem 1 ATWS event, the NRC invited comments on three proposed ATWS rules. Each of the three alternatives had the objective of reducing risk from ATWS and each featured a different approach to achieve that objective. One alternative, the Staff Rule would have resolved ATWS by establishing performance criteria. For example, there would be analyses to verify that Service Level C of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code would not be exceeded, fuel integrity would be maintained, there would be no excessive radioactivity release, the containment would not fail, and long-term shutdown and cooling would be assured. The second alternative, the Hendrie Rule, while using much of the same information... 

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