Fuel gas long

A process plant is in fuel gas long when fuel gas production is more than the consumption. When surplus fuel gas cannot be exported, it may have to be flared, which will undo energy improvements and also produce CO2 emissions to the environment. Fuel gas long could happen when energy efficiency improves. 

There is a real story of fuel gas long, which was caused due to the implementation of several large energy-saving projects. The fuel gas long scenario was not predicted in advance as the plant had a poor fuel gas balance. The plant fuel gas balance underestimated the production of refinery fuel gas but overestimated fuel... 

If a fuel gas balance model predicts that the plant will be in fuel gas long, a solution roadmap detailing what the plant can do in the short and long term should be developed. Efforts to reduce fuel gas production must attempt to understand the root causes and determine the best choice for reducing it via both operational changes and capital projects. 

The plan for capital projects should be developed as well if operational changes cannot bring the fuel gas long back into balance. Examples include removing column overhead cooling limits, which could minimize LPG lost to fuel gas. This could be achieved by better cooling using advanced heat transfer equipment. 

A fuel gas long situation also provides the opportunity to recover valuable products from the fuel gas. For example, a refinery plant might consider recovery of hydrogen from a hydroprocessing gas source. Options for H2 recovery include pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and membrane systems based on the H2 purity requirement. Alternatively, ethane and ethylene could be recovered from certain fuel... 

Overall, prevention of fuel gas long is the best strategy. In the scenario of fuel gas long, a mitigation road map must be developed well in advance so that the plant has options in short, middle, and long terms, and can be successful in turning an unfortunate fuel gas long situation into a profitable opportunity. 

For this reason, even though they are the most fuel efficient choice for large horsepower needs, large integrals are not often installed in oil and gas fields. They are more common in plants and pipeline booster service where their fuel efficiency, long life, and steady performance outweigh their much higher cost. 

Long straight-chain paraffins are important to the economics of an FCC unit. They crack easily to gasoline and LPG, with minima] production of slurry and fuel gas. 

Pyrolysis has a long history in the upgrading of biomass. The dry distillation of hardwood was applied in the early 1990s to produce organic intermediates (methanol and acetic acid), charcoal and fuel gas [3]. Today s processes can be tuned to form char, oil and/or gas, all depending on the temperature and reaction time, from 300 °C and hours, to 400-500 °C and seconds-minutes, to >700 °C and a fraction of a second [3, 19, 23, 24], The process is typically carried out under inert atmosphere. We illustrate the basic chemistry of pyrolysis by focusing on the conversion of the carbohydrate components (Fig. 2.4). The reaction of the lignin will not be covered here but should obviously be considered in a real process. Interested readers could consult the literature, e.g., [25]. Pyrolysis is discussed in more details elsewhere in this book [26],... 

Tests on the explosive behaviour of combustible dust-methane-air mixtures in a 45 mm pipeline 200 m long showed that presence of a little fuel gas could cause combustible but non-explosive dusts to become unexpectedly hazardous. 

Because of the massive "unconventional" reserves of liquid hydrocarbons afforded by oil sand bitumens and heavy oils, Canadian interests in coal conversion are generally more likely to centre on gasification than on liquefaction, and to focus on long-term supply of fuel gas (which could in many cases be substituted for oil where coal can not, and thereby reduce projected oil supply shortfalls). 

But much more Important, In the long run. Is that measures taken tocally to displace natural gas on economic grounds could also serve to ensure economic supplies of fuel gas to residential and industrial consumers In other parts of Canada. 

This paper touches on the chemistry of coal gasification and liquefaction comments on the current status of conversion processes and the influence of coal properties on coal performance in such processes and examines the contributions which coal conversion could make towards attainment of Canadian energy self-sufficiency. Particular attention is directed to a possible role for the medium-btu gas in long-term supply of fuel gas to residential and industrial consumers to linkages between partial conversion and thermal generation of electric energy and to coproduction of certain petrochemicals, fuel gas and liquid hydrocarbons by carbon monoxide hydrogenation. 

This consideration as well as those concerning cost, convenience of use, and availability leads to the conclusion that petroleum fuels will be used for transportation purposes in preference to other fuels as long as crude petroleum is available. Although liquid fuels can be produced from gas, coal, or shale oil, the high energy losses involved in the conversion make such operations unattractive from an energy conservation point of view. Obviously, the direct utilization of gas and coal as produced and of the type of crude oil which can be produced from oil shale by simple retorting is the most desirable procedure and should be followed until petroleum is so scarce or expensive to find that the free play of economic forces dictates the synthesis of liquid fuels. 

The close correspondence of the measured wall temperature profiles and exit-gas compositions to those of Bernstein and Churchill (3) for the combustion of premixed propane vapor and air suggests that combustion in a refractory tube is relatively insensitive to the composition and state of the fuel as long as evaporation precedes combustion. 

The thermal efficiency of simple glassblowing operations has been measured by Long. He found that, in the simple operation of pulling points, the heat usefully employed was about 1% of the heat generated by the fuel gas burne j... 

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