Fruit fungicides

Vegetables and Fruit Fungicides, anti-sprouting agent Potatoes - GC and HPLC - [161]... 

Glyodln. 2-lleptudecyl-At5.dihydro-lH-imidazole monoacetate 2-heptadecylglyoxalidine acetate Crag Fruit Fungicide 341. CjjHgjNjOj mol wt 368.59. C 71.68%, H 12.03%, N 7.60%. O 8.68%. Prepn from stearic acid and ethylenediamine Kiff, U.S, pat. 2,540,171 (1951 to Union Carbide and Carbon). 

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY CYPREX 65-W Fruit Fungicide ... 

The two examples of sample preparation of solids containing low concentrations of the substances of interest will be the analysis of aflatoxins in corn meal (7) and the determination of the fungicide thiabendazole in citrus fruits. It should be pointed out that the applications chosen in this section attempt to reflect a range of analyses that the analyst is likely to meet in both research and industrial laboratories. 

A method has been reported for the quantification of five fungicides (shown in Figure 5.39) used to control post-harvest decay in citrus fruits to ensure that unacceptable levels of these are not present in fruit entering the food chain [26]. A survey of the literature showed that previously [27] APCl and electrospray ionization (ESI) had been compared for the analysis of ten pesticides, including two of the five of interest, i.e. carbendazim and thiabendazole, and since it was found that APCl was more sensitive for some of these and had direct flow rate compatibility with the HPLC system being used, APCl was chosen as the basis for method development. 

Figure 5,39 Structures of various fungicides used in the control of post-harvest decay in citrus fruits. Reprinted from J. Chrormtogr., A, 912, Fernandez, M., Rodriguez, R., Pico, Y. and Manes, J., Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of post-harvest fungicides in citrus fruits , 301-310, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier Science.

In general, triazines are pre- and post-emergence selective herbicides particularly effective on annual and perennial broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, cotton, soybeans, sugar cane, and a host of other fruit and cereal crops. Some have anti-fungicidal properties (e.g., anilazine), and some (e.g., simazine) can be used for... 

Alkylenebis(dithiocarbamates) compounds, known also as ethylenebisdithiocarba-mates (EBDCs), are nonsystemic, low-toxicity pesticides with strong and broad fungicide activity on plant diseases. Developed by Rohm and Haas and E. I. du Pont de Nemours, they are used to protect vegetables and fruit crops. 

Imibenconazole is a triazole fungicide exhibiting direct cell membrane destruction as well as sterol biosynthesis inhibition for controlling major diseases of fruits, vegetables, cereals, ornamentals and turf. 

Mepanipyrim is a nonsystemic fungicide to control gray mould on vines, tomatoes, etc., and scabs on pome fruits. 

Use pattern Tebuconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide which provides protective and, in some cases, curative activity on a wide variety of crops including cereal grains, peanuts, grapes, bananas, pome fruit, stone fruit, nuts, and vegetables... 

Several examples demonstrate the effectiveness of agricultural chemicals in the production of fruit. The use of a fungicide in the production of Anjou pears has increased production 300,000 bushels a year. 

Microbial Bacillus subtilus Rhapsody, Serenade Downy mildew, bean rust, certain rots Stone fruit, cucumbers, tomatoes Fungicide... 

Copper products Champion, Clean Crop, Nordox Powdery mildew, anthracnose, various blights Various fruits and vegetables Fungicide... 

Soaps Potassium salts of fatty acids M-Pede Aphid, whitefly, mealybug, powdery mildew Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide, fungicide... 

Owing to the prohibition of chemosynthetic pesticides under organic farming standards, there is a greatly reduced availability of intervention/treatment-based methods for disease and pest control in organic fruit production systems. The efficacy of the permitted biological control, extract or mineral element (e.g. S and Cu)-based crop protection products is also usually lower than of chemosynthetic pesticides. Permitted plant protection products show efficacies of between 60 and 80% while chemosynthetic fungicides and pesticides often have efficacy levels >95% (Tamm et al., 2004). 

Palmer, J.W., S.B., D., Shaw, P. and Wunsche, J.N. (2002). Growth and fruit quality of Braeburn apple (Malus domestica) trees as influenced by fungicide programmes suitable for organic production , New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 31, 169-177. 

Maneb 486 (Figure 25) is an ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide used in agriculture for the control of early and late blights in potatoes and tomatoes, as well as many other diseases in fruits, vegetables, field crops, and... 

---