Free specific

In a program, a type should be an implementation-free specification of behavior. Different languages provide different support for types ... 

UML 0.8 did not distinguish type from class 1.0 recognizes the distinction, thanks in part to Catalysis input. The standard UML box can have a class stereotype to indicate an implementation class, or can have a type for an implementation-free specification. 

Fig. 10. Correlation between the organics free specific surface area and the operationally defined "amorphous" iron content of the samples.

Dual-label TR-FRET substrates have also been used for simultaneous monitoring of the enzymes related to apoptosis caspases 1, 3, and 6 [44]. Kokko et al. utilized fluorescent terbium chelates as the donors for two different acceptors, Alexa Fluor 488 and 680, in a dual-label immtmoassay of free and total PSA [45]. Free, uncomplexed PSA were measured with TR-FRET from terbium labeled (universal) antibody to free-specific Alexa 488 labeled antibody, and the total PSA was quantified with TR-FRET from terbium to another generic antibody labeled with Alexa 680. Kupcho et al. followed nuclear receptor coactivator recruitment... 

At low temperatures (— 40 °C, or — 40 °F), it is even possible to induce a brittle fracture in a solder joint if steep temperature ramps are applied. The main fraction of creep deformation in Sn-Pb solder takes place in the tin phase. Given the absence of Pb-free specific data, it is necessary to use the data available for Sn-Pb solder for the design of tests for lead-free solder. If a Norton law is used to model the deformation behavior of solder (Eq 3), it is possible to evaluate how much DC and GBS are activated for a given strain rate at a certain temperature (Fig. 9). 

Tool support is essentii for constructing error free specifications. Writing a formal specification without a good syntax and type checker can be likened to writing a computer program without the support of a compiler. 

M.p. 296 C. Accepts an electron from suitable donors forming a radical anion. Used for colorimetric determination of free radical precursors, replacement of Mn02 in aluminium solid electrolytic capacitors, construction of heat-sensitive resistors and ion-specific electrodes and for inducing radical polymerizations. The charge transfer complexes it forms with certain donors behave electrically like metals with anisotropic conductivity. Like tetracyanoethylene it belongs to a class of compounds called rr-acids. tetracyclines An important group of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces spp., having structures based on a naphthacene skeleton. Tetracycline, the parent compound, has the structure ... 

The additives for improving the cetane number, called pro-cetane, are particularly unstable oxidants, the decomposition of which generates free radicals and favors auto-ignition. Two families of organic compounds have been tested the peroxides and the nitrates. The latter are practically the only ones being used, because of a better compromise between cost-effectiveness and ease of utilization. The most common are the alkyl nitrates, more specifically the 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate. Figure 5.12 gives an example of the... 

The Doctor Test, NF M 07-029 or ASTM D 484, is conducted in qualitative tests for free sulfur, free H2S, and mercaptans. The specifications require a negative Doctor Test for these three types of contaminants. 

The most common contaminants in produced gas are carbon dioxide (COj) and hydrogen sulphide (HjS). Both can combine with free water to cause corrosion and H2S is extremely toxic even in very small amounts (less than 0.01% volume can be fatal if inhaled). Because of the equipment required, extraction is performed onshore whenever possible, and providing gas is dehydrated, most pipeline corrosion problems can be avoided. However, if third party pipelines are used it may be necessary to perform some extraction on site prior to evacuation to meet pipeline owner specifications. Extraction of CO2 and H2S is normally performed by absorption in contact towers like those used for dehydration, though other solvents are used instead of glycol. 

Certain types of equipment are specifically excluded from the scope of the directive. It is self-evident that equipment which is already regulated at Union level with respect to the pressure risk by other directives had to be excluded. That is the case with simple pressure vessels, transportable pressure equipment, aerosols and motor vehicles. Other equipment, such as carbonated drink containers or radiators and piping for hot water systems are excluded from the scope because of the limited risk involved. Also excluded are products which are subject to a minor pressure risk which are covered by the directives on machinery, lifts, low voltage, medical devices, gas appliances and on explosive atmospheres. A further and last group of exclusions refers to equipment which presents a significant pressure risk, but for which neither the free circulation aspect nor the safety aspect necessitated their inclusion. 

A number of methods have been described in earlier sections whereby the surface free energy or total energy could be estimated. Generally, it was necessary to assume that the surface area was known by some other means conversely, if some estimate of the specific thermodynamic quantity is available, the application may be reversed to give a surface area determination. This is true if the heat of solution of a powder (Section VII-5B), its heat of immersion (Section X-3A), or its solubility increase (Section X-2) are known. 

Since E = - 2 iU)tn., a given spin excess value 2m. implies a given energy partition. The free energy for such a specific energy partition is... 

If we wish to know the number of (VpV)-collisions that actually take place in this small time interval, we need to know exactly where each particle is located and then follow the motion of all the particles from time tto time t+ bt. In fact, this is what is done in computer simulated molecular dynamics. We wish to avoid this exact specification of the particle trajectories, and instead carry out a plausible argument for the computation of r To do this, Boltzmann made the following assumption, called the Stosszahlansatz, which we encountered already in the calculation of the mean free path ... 

The fluctuations of the local interfacial position increase the effective area. This increase in area is associated with an increase of free energy Wwhich is proportional to the interfacial tension y. The free energy of a specific interface configuration u(r,) can be described by the capillary wave Hamiltonian ... 

A linear dependence approximately describes the results in a range of extraction times between 1 ps and 50 ps, and this extrapolates to a value of Ws not far from that observed for the 100 ps extractions. However, for the simulations with extraction times, tg > 50 ps, the work decreases more rapidly with l/tg, which indicates that the 100 ps extractions still have a significant frictional contribution. As additional evidence for this, we cite the statistical error in the set of extractions from different starting points (Fig. 2). As was shown by one of us in the context of free energy calculations[12], and more recently again by others specifically for the extraction process [1], the statistical error in the work and the frictional component of the work, Wp are related. For a simple system obeying the Fokker-Planck equation, both friction and mean square deviation are proportional to the rate, and... 

Mark, A. E., van Gunsteren, W. F. Decomposition of the free energy of a system in terms of specific interactions. Implications for theoretical and experimental studies. J. Mol. Biol. 240 (1994) 167-176... 

The second application of the CFTI approach described here involves calculations of the free energy differences between conformers of the linear form of the opioid pentapeptide DPDPE in aqueous solution [9, 10]. DPDPE (Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen, where D-Pen is the D isomer of /3,/3-dimethylcysteine) and other opioids are an interesting class of biologically active peptides which exhibit a strong correlation between conformation and affinity and selectivity for different receptors. The cyclic form of DPDPE contains a disulfide bond constraint, and is a highly specific S opioid [llj. Our simulations provide information on the cost of pre-organizing the linear peptide from its stable solution structure to a cyclic-like precursor for disulfide bond formation. Such... 

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