Specific pathogen-free development

Development of specific pathogen-free (SPF) shrimp stocks and their application to sustainable shrimp farming... 

Development of specific pathogen-free shrimp stocks 279... 

Table 11.3 Chronological list of specific diseases targeted by shrimp early domestication and breeding programs that developed specific pathogen-free (SPF) stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris...

Development of a specific pathogen free population of the Chinese fleshy prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Part 2 Secondary quarantine. Aquaculture 250 579-585. 

LOTZ, J.M. 1992. Developing specific pathogen-free (SPF) animal populations for aquaculture a case study for IHHN virus of penaeid shrimp. Pages 269-284 in W. Fulks and K.L. Main (editors) Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp in Asia and the United States. The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu. 

The role of risk analysis in the development of biosecurity programmes for the maintenance of specific pathogen-free populations... 

We took advantage of a mouse model of allergic asthma to study the effects of nasal or bronchial applications of SEB on the development of allergic asthma in previously sensitized mice [53], Male BALB/c mice were kept under conventional pathogen-free conditions and were actively sensitized by 7 intraperitoneal injections of 10 xg ovalbumin (OVA) on alternate days from days 1 till 13 as described earlier [54], Mice were then exposed daily for 5 min to nebulized OVA (OVA mice) or saline (SAL mice) from days 33 till 37. This protocol resulted in OVA-challenged mice in the induction of bronchial eosinophilia, Th2 cytokine production, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and elevated OVA-specific IgE titers in serum as previously published [55], whereas SAL mice did not show any bronchial inflammation. One hour prior to the latter airway challenge on days 33, 35 and 37, the nose and bronchi were exposed to 10 xl of saline with or without SEB at 500 ng. 

Heppleston (313) reported the remarkable observation that pathogen-free rats (Le no phagocytes) did not develop the typical silicotic nodules that appear in standard rats even when silica was inhaled. This strongly supports the idea that phagocytes are specifically involved in the development of fibrosis. Weller et al. (314) claimed that in pathogen-free rats silica caused pathological effects, but the silica was injected intraperitoneally and the results cannot be compared with effects in the lungs where typical fibrosis develops. 

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