Distillation, fractional, of oil

Camphor was originally obtained from the camphor tree Lauras eamphora in which it appeared in the optically active dextro-rotary form. Since about 1920 the racemic ( ) mixture derived from oil of turpentine has been more generally used. By fractional distillation of oil of turpentine the product pinene is obtained. By treating this with hydrochloric acid, pinene hydrochloride (also known as bomyl chloride) may be produced. This is then boiled with acetic acid to hydrolyse the material to the racemic bomeol, which on oxidation yields camphor. Camphor is a white crystalline solid (m.p. 175°C) with the structure shown in Figure 22.3. 

Myristic acid occurs as a glyceride in many vegetable fats and oils, in particular in coconut oil,i its isolation from which involves separation from homologs by fractional distillation of the acids or their esters. The trimyristin obtained from nutmegs 2 (p. 100) or from the seeds of Virola venezuelensis forms the most suitable source. 

Gum turpentine is obtained from wounding living trees to get an exudate containing turpentine and rosin. Turpentine is separated from the rosin by continuous steam distillation and further fractionation. Wood turpentine comes from the extraction of stumps of pine trees using naphtha, and subsequent separation of rosin and turpentine by fractional distillation. Tail-oil turpentine is a byproduct of the Kraft sulphate paper manufacture. Terpenes are isolated from the sulphate terpentine and separated from the black digestion liquor. The composition of turpentine oils depends on its source, although a-pinene and p-pinene are the major components. 

Figure 2-77 shows how the weight distributions of the different molecular types vary during the fractional distillation of a naphthenic crude oil. Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (i.e., paraffins and naphthenes) are the predominant constituents in the light gasoline fraction. As the boiling point is raised, the paraffin content decreases, and the NSO content increases continuously. About 75 wt% of tbe residuum is composed of aromatics and NSO compounds. 

Petroleum refining begins by fractional distillation of crude oil into three principal cuts according to boiling point (bp) straight-run gasoline (bp 30-200 °C), kerosene (bp 175-300 °C), and heating oil, or diesel fuel (bp 275-400 °C). Further distillation under reduced pressure then yields... 

Steam distillation is for the separation of mixtures of tars and oils, and they must not dissolve much in water. If you think about it a bit, this could be considered a fractional distillation of a binary mixture with an extreme deviation from Raoult s Law. The water and the organic oils want nothing to do with each other. So much so, that you can consider them unmixed, in separate compartments of the distilling flask. As such, they act completely indepen-... 

Fractional distillation of crude pine oil, 24 510 of crude sulfate turpentine, 24 476 Fractional extraction, 10 745, 759-760 Fractional factorial designs, 8 396 amount of coverage in experimental design texts compared, 8 395t commercial experimental design software compared, 8 398t Fractional velocity plots, 10 319-321 Fractionating towers, in plant layout,... 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was used as fuel for the first time in the USA in 1912. Under the general term natural gas liquids (NGL), 60% of global LPG originates as a fraction separated from methane during the production of oil and gas the remaining 40% are generated as a by-product from the fractionated distillation of crude oil in refineries. Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of propane and butane, with the mixing ratio dependent on the country and season. 

Of the early references to the preparation of methyl myristate and methyl palmitate, few are of preparative value. Methyl myristate can be prepared by the fractional distillation of the methyl esters from ucuhuba fat4 and from cocoanut oil.5-6 Methyl palmitate can be prepared in a similar manner from cocoanut oil6 and from bayberry wax.7... 

Fractional distillation of the oil to recover the oil and to collect the ethane, propane, -butane, and isobutane separately. 

The fractional distillation of the brown oil, which is obtained by either of these methods, is carried out firstly at a pressure of 10 to 12 mm. produced by a water pump, and then at a pressure of 0 5 mm. produced by a Geryck vacuum pump, as described by Fischer and Harries. ... 

Isolation from Essential Oils. Geraniol is isolated from citronella oils and from palmarosa oil. Fractional distillation of, for example, Java citronella oil (if necessary after saponification of the esters present) yields a fraction containing ca. 60% geraniol, as well as citronellol and sesquiterpenes. 

Isolation from Essential Oils. Linalool can be isolated by fractional distillation of essential oils, for example, rosewood oil, Shiu oil, and coriander oil, of which Brazilian rosewood oil is probably the most important. 

Production. Although a-terpineol occurs in many essential oils, only small quantities are isolated, e.g., by fractional distillation of pine oils. 

Production. In the past, (+)- and (-)-carvones were isolated by fractional distillation of caraway oil and spearmint oil, respectively. However, these carvones are now prepared synthetically, the preferred starting material being (+)- and (-)-limonenes, which are converted into the corresponding optically active carvones. Since optical rotation is reversed in the process, (+)-limonene is the starting material for (—)-carvone. 

Cineole is one of the few fragrance materials that is obtained exclusively by isolation from essential oils, especially eucalyptus oils. Technical-grade 1,8-cineole with a purity of 99.6-99.8% is produced in large quantities by fractional distillation of Eucalyptus globulus oil. A product essentially free from other products can be obtained by crystallization of cineole-rich eucalyptus oil fractions. 

Asphalt Hydrocarbon material ranging in consistency from heavy liquid to a solid. Most common source is residue left after fractional distillation of crude oils used primarily for surfacing roads. Asphyxia Suffocation from lack of oxygen. Chemical asphyxia is produced by a substance, such as carbon monoxide, that combines with hemoglobin to reduce die blood s capacity to transport oxygen. Simple asphyxia is the result of exposure to a substance, such as carbon dioxide, that displaces oxygen. 

Method C (Table 11, Entry 15) 147 The crude alcohol from Method A was taken up in THF (60 mL), and 48 % aq HBF4 (6 mL) was added slowly at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred for 15 min and then poured into Et20. The organic layer was washed twice with 5% aq NaHC03, once with H20 and dried. Evaporation and fractional distillation of the remaining deep-yellow oil yielded 4.70 g (67%) of the product as a colorless liquid bp 105-108 rC/0.5 Torr. 

The most abundant terpene in nature is a-pinene (119) which is industrially obtained by fractional distillation of turpentine [68]. (+)-a-Pinene occurs, for example, in oil from Pinus palustris Mill, at concentrations of up to 65% oil from Pinus pinaster Soland. and American oil from Pinus caribaea contain 70% and 70-80% resp. of the (-)-isomer [26]. 

MYRISTIC ACID. [CAS 544-63-8]. Also called tetradecanoic acid, formula CHjlCHiJnCOOH, At room temperature, it is an oily, white crystalline solid. Soluble in alcohol and ether insoluble in water. Specific gravity 0.8739 (80°C) mp 54.4°C bp 326.2°C. Combustible. The acid is derived by the fractional distillation of coconut oil. Myristic ucid is used in soaps cosmetics in the synthesis of esters for flavorings and perfumes and as a component of food-grade additives, Myristic acid is a constituent of several vegetable oils. See also Vegetable Oils (Edible). 

Coal-Tar Process. The largest quantities of naphthalene are obtained from the coal tar that is separated from the coke-oven gases. The coal tar first is processed through a tar-distillation step where ca the first 20 wt% of distillate, i.e., chemical oil, is removed. The chemical oil contains practically all the naphthalene present in the tar. It is processed to remove the tar acids by contacting with dilute sodium hydroxide and, in a few cases, is next treated to remove tar bases by washing with sulfunc acid. Principal U.S. producers obtain their crude naphthalene product by fractional distillation of the tar acid-free chemical oiL... 

Light Resin Oils (Resin spirit or pinolin).—The presence of these substances, which boil mostly below 170°, increases the amount of the first fraction obtained in the distillation of oil of turpentine they are also detectable by the following colour reactions ... 

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