Formaldehyde Formic acid

The Formaldehyde-Formic Acid Method, This method applies to primary and secondary amines, which when boiled with a formalin-formic acid mixture undergo complete methylation to the corresponding tertiary amine. This method has the advantage over the dimethyl sulphate method in that quaternary salts clearly cannot be formed. 

The conventional electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide tends to give formic acid as the major product, which can be obtained with a 90% current efficiency using, for example, indium, tin, or mercury cathodes. Being able to convert CO2 initially to formates or formaldehyde is in itself significant. In our direct oxidation liquid feed fuel cell, varied oxygenates such as formaldehyde, formic acid and methyl formate, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, trioxane, and dimethyl carbonate are all useful fuels. At the same time, they can also be readily reduced further to methyl alcohol by varied chemical or enzymatic processes. 

Interest in fuel cells has stimulated many investigations into the detailed mechanisms of the electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules such as methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, etc. The major problem using platinum group metals is the rapid build up of a strongly adsorbed species which efficiently poisons the electrodes. 

The main reaction product is carbon dioxide, but under certain conditions, other oxidation products are observed for short periods of time, such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and others. The oxidation of methanol to CO2 yields six electrons, so that the specific capacity of methanol is close to 0.84 Ah/g. 

Oxidation of the adsorbed species resulting from interaction with formaldehyde, formic acid, and methanol, respectively, leads to stripping peaks that are downshifted to more negative potentials. Furthermore, the adsorbate coverage is significantly lower... 

The much lower amount of formic acid formation during methanol oxidation compared with formaldehyde oxidation agrees with expectations if we assume that formic acid is predominantly formed by further oxidation of (free) molecular formaldehyde produced in a first step of methanol oxidation. Under the present reaction conditions, only a very small fraction, about 1 part per thousand, of the total reactant passing through the cell reacts to give formaldehyde, formic acid, or CO2. The rest... 

COMPOUND NAME CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE CHLOROFORM HYDROGEN CYANIDE DIBROMOMETHANE DICHLOROMETHANE FORMALDEHYDE FORMIC ACID METHYL BROMIDE METHYL CHLORIDE METHYL FLUORIDE METHYL IODIDE NITROMETHANE METHANE METHANOL METHYL MERCAPTAN METHYL AMINE METHYL HYDRAZINE METHYL SILANE... 

The explosion limits have been determined for liquid systems containing hydrogen peroxide, water and acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, 2-propanol or propionaldehyde, under various types of initiation [1], In general, explosive behaviour is noted where the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to water is >1, and if the overall fuel-peroxide composition is stoicheiometric, the explosive power and sensitivity may be equivalent to those of glyceryl nitrate [2],... 

Some of these techniques are perhaps self-evident it is known, for example, that methanol can be oxidised not only to C02 but also to formaldehyde, formic acid and even (reportedly) methyl formate in strongly acidic aqueous solutions. Clearly any mechanism must account for the formation of all of these products. 

The methylation of secondary amines works better than for primary amines because there is no competition between the formation of mono- or dimethylated products. The best results for the microwave-enhanced conditions were obtained when the molar ratios of substrate/formaldehyde/formic acid were 1 1 1, so that the amount of radioactive waste produced is minimal. The reaction can be carried out in neat form if the substrate is reasonably miscible with formic acid/aldehyde or in DM SO solution if not. Again the reaction is rapid - it is complete within 2 min at 120 W microwave irradiation compared to longer than 4 h under reflux. The reaction mechanism and source of label is ascertained by alternatively labeling the formaldehyde and formic acid with deuterium. The results indicate that formaldehyde contri-... 

Treatment of granules with such reagents as liquid ammonia, liquid hydrocyanic acid, formaldehyde, formic acid, and alkalis causes swelling at room temperature, but little is known of the effects of such treatments. 

Polyethylene glycols Peroxide intermediates Formaldehyde Formic acid Ethylene... 

Traditional industrial oxidation routes of alcohols use stoichiometric amounts of heavy metals or mineral acids [51]. Glycerol is also easily converted into formaldehyde, formic acid and carbon dioxide [52]. 

Organic compounds that have one or two carbon atoms are usually known by their common names. These common names are based on the Latin words formica (ant) and acetum (vinegar). Give the lUPAC names for formaldehyde, formic acid, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. 

Photolytic. Photolysis products include carbon monoxide, ethylene, free radicals, and a polymer (Calvert and Pitts, 1966). Anticipated products from the reaction of acrolein with ozone or OH radicals in the atmosphere are glyoxal, formaldehyde, formic acid, and carbon dioxide (Cupitt,... 

Chemical/Physical. Products identified from the gas-phase reaction of ozone with N,N-dimethylaniline in synthetic air at 23 °C were A-methylformanilide, formaldehyde, formic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and a nitrated salt having the formula [C0H6NH(CH3)2] NO3 (Atkinson et al, 1987). Reacts with acids forming water-soluble salts. 

Photolytic. Irradiation of vinyl chloride in the presence of nitrogen dioxide for 160 min produced formic acid, HCl, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ozone, and trace amounts of formyl chloride and nitric acid. In the presence of ozone, however, vinyl chloride photooxidized to carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, formic acid, and small amounts of HCl (Gay et al, 1976). Reported photooxidation products in the troposphere include hydrogen chloride and/or formyl chloride (U.S. EPA, 1985). In the presence of moisture, formyl chloride will decompose to carbon monoxide and HCl (Morrison and Boyd, 1971). Vinyl chloride reacts rapidly with OH radicals in the atmosphere. Based on a reaction rate of 6.6 x lO" cmVmolecule-sec, the estimated half-life for this reaction at 299 K is 1.5 d (Perry et al., 1977). Vinyl chloride reacts also with ozone and NO3 in the gas-phase. Sanhueza et al. (1976) reported a rate constant of 6.5 x 10 cmVmolecule-sec for the reaction with OH radicals in air at 295 K. Atkinson et al. (1988) reported a rate constant of 4.45 X 10cmVmolecule-sec for the reaction with NO3 radicals in air at 298 K. 

Fluorotrichloromethane, see Trichlorofluoromethane Fly-die, see Dichlorvos Fly fighter, see Dichlorvos FMC 5462, see a-Endosulfan, p-Endosulfan FMC 10242, see Carbofuran Foliclol, see Parathion Folidol, see Parathion Folidol E 605, see Parathion Folidol E E 605, see Parathion Folidol oil, see Parathion Forane, see 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Foredex 75, see 2,4-D Forlin, see Lindane Formal, see Malathion, Methylal Formaldehyde bis(p-chloroethylacetal), see Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane Formaldehyde dimethylacetal, see Methylal Formalin, see Formaldehyde Formalin 40, see Formaldehyde Formalith, see Formaldehyde Formic acid, ethyl ester, see Ethyl formate Formic acid, methyl ester, see Methyl formate Formic aldehyde, see Formaldehyde Formic ether, see Ethyl formate Formira, see Formic acid Formisoton, see Formic acid Formol, see Formaldehyde Formosa camphor, see Camphor Formula 40, see 2,4-D... 

Methyl ferf-butvl ether. Thiram Carbon monoxide, see Acetaldehyde. Atrazine. Bromacil. Dalapon-sodium. Dieldrin, 1.4-Dioxane, Diuron, Formaldehyde, Formic acid, Malathion, Maleic anhydride. Methanol, Methyl chloride. Methylene chloride. Methyl iodide, 2-Methylpropene, fV-Nitrosodimethylamine, Oxalic acid, Phorate, Picloram, 2,4,5-T, TCDD, Tolnene, Triflnralin... 

Dichloropropylene, frans-1,3-Dichloropropylene, Dieldrin, Diuron, Epichlorohydrin, Formaldehyde, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Eindane, Methoxychlor, Methyl chloride. Methylene chloride, Pentachlorophenol, 2,4,5-T, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, Toxaphene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Trichloroethylene, 1.1.1-Trichloro-2.2.2-trifluoroethane. Trichlorofluoromethane, Vinyl chloride Hydrofluoric acid, see Trichlorofluoromethane, 1.1.1-Trichloro-2.2.2-trifluoroethane. Trifluralin Hydrogen, see Benzene, Chloroform, Difenzoquat methyl sulfate. 1,4-Dioxane, Ethylamine, Ethylbenzene, Ethylenimine, Formaldehyde. Formic acid, Hexachlorobenzene, Methyl bromide. Pentachlorobenzene. TCDD. Tetrachloroethylene. 

We can push this to completion. In formaldehyde, H2C=0, only two bonding electrons are assigned to the carbon atom so it has been oxidized again. In formic acid, HCOOH, only one electron is assigned to the carbon atom and in carbon dioxide, CO2, none are. So the states of increasing oxidation are methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, and carbon dioxide. 

Formaldehyde Formic acid Isobutyl alcohol Maleic anahydride Methyl alcohol (methanol)... 

Carlsson and Wiles have in an early work (14) discussed the ketonic oxidation products of PP films. The volatile products were analysed in GC with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) giving the major oxidation products carbon monoxide and acetone. Other products detected were water, formaldehyde, formic acid, propane, acetic acid and iso-propylalcohol. 

In the reactions of the N-unsubstituted parent amino alcohols 27 and 29 with a formaldehyde/formic acid mixture, ring closure and N-methylation... 

When a formaldehyde/formic acid mixture was used for cyclization of the cis and trans isomers of 262 (R = H, Me), interesting transformations were observed. In the reactions of methylcarboxamides 262 (R = Me), ring closure and A-methylation took place, resulting in 1,3-dimethyloctahydroquinazolinones 263. Under the same conditions, in the reactions of the unsubstituted amides, ring closure, reductive methylation and hydroxymethylation on the amide nitrogen took place, resulting in the l-methyl-3-hydroxymethyloctahydroquinazolin-4-ones 264 (87TL115). 

It is further important to note that all the current/voltage characteristics depicted in Fig. 6 are unchanged by the presence of liquid fuels such as methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, or hydrazine. The phthalocyanine electrode remains completely inert toward such substances. For this reason, no mixed potential can be formed at a phthalocyanine electrode, as for example can occur at a platinum electrode, when it is used as cathode in a methanol cell containing sulfuric acid. This is shown by a comparison (see Fig. 7) of the stationary characteristics of the platinum alloy we found to be the most active in the presence of methanol, namely a Raney ruthenium—rhodium electrode, with an iron phthalocyanine electrode, both measured in 4.5 N H2SO4+2M CH3OH. 

Methanol can be absorbed through the skin or from the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract and is then distributed in body water. The primary mechanism of elimination of methanol in humans is by oxidation to formaldehyde, formic acid, and C02 (Figure 23-3). 

Oxidation of cobalt(ll) to cobalt(lll) by oxygen in the presence of N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine and carbon produces large amounts of ethylenediamine. Other products are formaldehyde, formic acid, and ammonia. The sum of the moles of ethylenediamine and ammonia produced is equal to the total number of moles of cobalt(ll) oxidized. A steady-state concentration of Co(ll)-Co(lll) is established in which the ratio Co(lll)/ Co(ll) = 1.207. Thus cobalt ion behaves as a true catalyst for cleavage of the N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine. The total amount of cobalt(ll) oxidized per unit time, X, was calculated from the derived equation X = 3.8 + 7.0 k2 T — 3.8e-2-2k 1, where k2 = 0.65 hr.—1 The observed rate of formation of ethylenediamine plus ammonia also follows this equation. It is proposed that the cobalt ion serves as a center where a superoxide ion [derived from oxidation of cobalt-(II) by oxygen] and the ligand are brought together for reaction. 

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