Form oil

Me3CCH2CMe2C H40H. M.p. 8l-83"C, b.p. 286-288°C. Made by alkylation of phenol. Forms oil-soluble resins with methanal (salts used as oil additives) and surfactants (with ethylene oxide). 

Phenol (Cf HjOH) reacts readily with aldehydes to form oil. soluble compounds called phenolic resins that dry rapidly, are hard, chemical and abrasion resistant, but they tend to yellow with age. 

Surface preparation of concrete consists mainly of removing laitence, form oils and air pockets. Laitence is the fine cement powder that floats to the surface of concrete when it is placed. Coatings applied over such a powdery, weak layer will lose adhesion. Form oils are used for the easy stripping of forms or shuttering. Their presence will also cause loss of adhesion of subsequent coatings. Forms should be coated with non-migratory hard coatings and the use of oils or waxes prohibited. 

As the gear teeth rotate and travel past the pump inlet, a partial vacuum forms. Oil is carried by the small chambers formed between the gear teeth. As the teeth mesh near the pump outlet, oil is delivered at a higher pressure. Also, flow from a gear pump is continuous and not intermittent. 

Safflower In safflower plants expressing biopharmaceuticals, the protein of interest is fused to oleosin, the protein that forms oil bodies within the safflower seeds. The seeds can be crushed and the oil bodies then easily purified by centrifugation. This oleosin-fusion protein system was first developed by SemBioSys Genetics, Inc., in safflower or oilseed rape. 

Surfactants having a positive curvature, above a given concentration usually called the critical micellar concentration, cmc, self-assemble to form oil-in-water aggregates called normal micelles. The surfactant most often used is sodium dodecyl sulfate, Na(DS) or SDS. To make particles, the counterion of the surfactant is replaced by ions which participate in the chemical reaction. These are called functionalized surfactants. 

Fig. II.8. Preparation of a large-diameter tube for an end-to-end seal with a smaller tube. ( ) A test lube end is formed oil the large tube, and a small molten spot is created on the end with a small hot flame, (b) A hnlge is blown in the end. (e) The end of this bulge is melted and blown completely out. The diameter of this opening should match that of the small tube.

Whether the system formed on mixing oil, water, and surfactant will be an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion is a central problem in emulsion technology. It was realized very early that the volume fractions of oil and water are not that important and that the type of emulsion is primarily determined by the nature of the surfactant. Simply speaking surfactants with Ns < 1 tend to form oil-in-water emulsions, while surfactants with Ns > 1 are more likely to form water-in-oil emulsions. Two more detailed guiding principles which are used for practical emulsion formulation are Bancroft s rule of thumb and the more quantitative concept of the HLB scale ... 

These hydrocarbons are characterised by the facility with which they combine with the halogens, forming oils they have, therefore, been termed olefines, or oil-makers. They also unite with nascent hydrogen, and are converted into paraffins, as the members of the former group are termed. The equations which follow illustrate this —... 

Synthetic hydrocarbons Poly(a-olefms) Polyisobutenes Alkylated aromatics Engine oils, industrial (hydraulic, compressor, bearings) Two-stroke engine, electrical insulation, metal forming oils Low temperature oils (engines, gears, hydraulics)... 

The polyvinylethers form a further group of thermoplastics which are not used as containers or packaging films. They are atactic polymers forming oils, sticky soft resins or nonsticky rubber elastic materials according to their molecular weight and composition. All polyvinylethers are very resistant to saponification by dilute acids and alkalis. They can subsequently be used as unsaponifiable polymer plasticizers and for the manufacture of glues. 

Anionic surfactants are negatively charged in an aqueous solution (i.e., -COO-, -OSOj), and widely used because of their cost and performance. Sodium lauryl sulfate, the main component of which is sodium dodecyl sulfate, is highly soluble in water and commonly used to form oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Reacting an alkali hydroxide with a fatty acid (e.g., oleic acid) can produce alkali metal soaps (e.g., sodium oleate). Careful attention must be paid to the pH of the dispersion medium and the presence of multivalent metals (see Section 4.2.5). Alkali earth metal soaps (e.g., calcium oleate) produce stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions because of their low water solubility and are produced by reacting oleic acid with calcium hydroxide. Triethanolamine stearate produces stable O/W emulsions in situ by reacting triethanolamine in aqueous solution with melted stearic acid at approximately 65°C (e.g., vanishing cream). 

At one time a very attractive theory of the inversion of emulsions, called the oriented-wedge theory, was rather generally accepted. Starting from the fact that the soaps of divalent metals usually form water-in-oil emulsions, while those of monovalent metals form oil-in-water emulsions, it was suggested7 that, since in the divalent soaps there are two hydrocarbon chains attached to one metal atom, while in the monovalent there is only one chain, the molecules of these soaps are wedge-shaped, being wider at the water-soluble end in the case of the monovalent soaps, and at the oil-soluble end with the di- and trivalent soaps. A closely packed layer of these molecules would therefore naturally curve with the concave side towards the oil in the case of the monovalent soaps, with the convex side towards the oil in the case of the divalent soaps thus the... 

These compounds can be purified by vacuum distillation. They form oils, rather than crystalline compounds, and easily undergo hydrolysis, depending on content of SiBr groups. A slight decomposition is observed by distilling longer chains (n = 4, 5,6). 

At temperatures greater than 400 C, the asphaltenes rapidly degrade (reaction 10) and can either repolymerize or, in the presence of hydrogen, form oil. At higher temperatures (>425 C) thermal cracking of oils, asphaltenes and repolymerized products leads to increasing yields of hydrocarbon gases (reaction 12). 

An anionic mlcroemulslon system was based on blends of monoethanolamlne salts of bilinear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and branched pentadecyl o-xylene sulfonic acid. The bilinear structure results from the alkylation of benzene with a linear a-olefin. The former acts as a surfactant hydrophile (H) while the latter acts as a surfactant lipophile (L) at room temperature for the oil and water phases used in this study. The hydrophile tends to form water-continuous emulsions while the lipophile forms oil-continuous emulsions. The hydrophile-lipophile characteristics were varied by changing the weight ratio of H/L from 0.5 to 0.8. Decane was used as the oil phase and 2.0 wt. X NaCl In water as the aqueovis phase. The water-oil ratio was fixed at 95/5 and the total surfactant content was fixed at 2 g/dl. 

In their commonest form, oil solutions are the ready-to-use household and garden insecticide sprays sold in a variety of bottles, cans, and plastic containers, all usually equipped with a handy spray atomizer. Not to be confused with aerosols, these sprays are intended to be used directly on pests or places they frequent. 

IONS OR DISPERSIONS OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL in water or brine have been used in several parts of the world for pipeline transportation of both waxy and heavy asphaltic-type crude oils. The hydrodynamically stabilized dispersion transportation concept is described by the Shell Oil Corporation core flow technology (i). The use of surfactants and water to form oil-in-water emulsions with crude oils is the subject of a long series of patents and was proposed for use in transporting Prudhoe Bay crude oil (2). Furthermore, surfactants may be injected into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsions (3, 4). 

Decrease Form oil (T < 25 C) Increase solubility Use flexible aliphatic acids with aromatic basis Use highly substituted acids to destroy crystal S5mmetry... 

Attapulgite is widely used as an adsorbent in solid dosage forms. Colloidal clays (such as attapulgite) absorb considerable amounts of water to form gels and in concentrations of 2-5% w/v usually form oil-in-water emulsions. Activated attapulgite, which is attapulgite that has been carefully heated to increase its absorptive capacity, is used therapeutically as an adjunct in the management of diarrhea. 

---