Forerunner product

Section 9.4 introduces K-RAMP from its process perspective. It is explained how the approach determines reusable elements of forerunner products or of existing process plans for the creation of forerunner products. Based on this process view on K-RAMP, the requirements to be satisfied are introduced in Sect. 9.5. In Sect. 9.6, the underlying ontology models and the software architecmre of the knowledge base are described. Section 9.7 is completing the description of the approach by addressing the reuse and adaptation of semps of the process control software (further described as production-IT). This part is particularly essential as process control is cmcial in order to meet the quality targets at the end of the ramp-up phase. 

Research question 2 (the key question of the chapter of this book) How is the setup of process control software (production-lT) derived from (a) existing setup due to the production of forerunner products at the targeted production system, (b) the specihcation of the new product, and (c) the specihc process plan and instructions as derived by answering question 1 ... 

At the control side of the V-model, production data of forerunner products are collected, which comprise of data of handling instructions of resources (e.g., a process duration been set up), inline metrology data (e.g., the thickness of a metallization layer, but also quality measurements of received material from suppliers), and quality assurance data (e.g., the capacitance of a layer). These production data are an important source of information for the following reasons ... 

Classification (assertion of new classes) of (sub-)products and process segments from production data of forerunner products. This requirement is needed because of activity E of Fig. 9.6... 

Coverage between design domains Ability to determine degree of coverage between functional requirements and (sub-)products based on production data of foremnner products (needed because of activity C of Fig. 9.6). Ability to determine degree of coverage between (sub-)products and process segments based on setup data of forerunner production processes (needed because of activity encapsulated in F of Fig. 9.6) ... 

Pseudopterosin A is a member of a group of marine natural products which show potent antiinflammatory properties, but which are not prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors. Structurally similar to phosphatidyl inositol, they may function as phospholipase inhibitors, and, as such, may be the forerunners of a new class of therapeutic agents. 

A stoichiometric forerunner of this approach was the wolf and lamb reaction, reported by Patchornik and co-workers in 1981 [17]. Two reagents that in solution react with each other quickly to give an undesired product (hence wolf and lamb ) were immobilized on solid polymeric supports (two insoluble and mutually immiscible polymers, Scheme 5.1), rendering them unreactive towards each other. This allowed the formation of the desired product through the use of a messenger reagent. 

This book is an evolutionary product Over the span of a decade, professors at major universities and liberal arts colleges have made suggestions for minor changes and improvements. I count myself fortunate to have used the forerunners, which have been published since 1973. 

Recently, Mottola [98] reported a sensor based on the disk-ring principle previously developed by Kamin and Wilson [99], and Wang and Lin [100]. Unlike Mottola s design, its forerunners involved no stationary ring electrode or rotation of the reactor part in addition, their reactor/electrode was located at the cell bottom. In Mottola s assembly, a product of an enzyme-catalysed reaction at a bioreactor rotated at a constant speed was hydrodynamically transported to a stationary ring electrode, where it was electrochemically monitored. The sample was transported to the detection imit by an tm-... 

In the late 1950 s and early 1960 s the entire explosives industry was intensively working on a new explosive system, which has since become known as water-gel or aqueous slurry explosives. Hercules was among the leaders in innovation and promotion of water gels. Packaged Flogel, an aqueous solution of oxidizing salts sensitized with smokeless powder became a forerunner of many such products. 

The first major source of recovered sulfur from H2S containing natural gas was the Lacq field in southern France developed by SNPA in the mid 1950 s. This 15% H2S containing gas stream was the forerunner of many subsequent sour gas developments around the world. In the early days of sour gas production the major product sought after was the methane hydrogen sulfide and... 

The forerunner of the rocket propellant containing perchlorates as oxidants was the American product, Galcit, developed in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, at the California Institute of Technology. It consisted of asphalt as a fuel and potassium perchlorate as an oxidant, mixed hot. Originally the material was hot-pressed into rockets. However, at high pressures the flame penetrated between the charge and the walls... 

The classical forerunner of metallizable hydroxyanthraquinones was alizarin (1), which was widely used in the production of very fast, bright red shades on cotton by the mordant technique (Section 58.1). Early studies by Pfeiffer140 demonstrated that metal complex formation involved the carbonyl group and the a-hydroxy group (208) rather than the two hydroxy groups and led to intensive research on metal complexes of 1 -hydroxyanthraquinones and related compounds such as 8-hydroxynaphthoquinone. This is the subject of a number of reviews3a Jc141 and will only be considered briefly here. 

The 1946 prediction of Robert Oppenheimer, one of the pioneers in this field, that great nuclear reactors would be supplying enough energy to heat a large dty within ten years, had practically come true. Altogether there were some twenty-nine reactors operating in the United States, plus three national" reactor laboratories in full production in 1955. In January of that year the first atom-powered transport became a reality when the United States submarine Nautilus put to sea successfully. This boat and its sister ship, the submarine Sea Wolf, built soon after, became the forerunners of atom-powered merchant ships, locomotives, airplanes, and such portable nuclear plants as small house boilers and atomic reactors for medical research. 

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