Work intensity

Current proteomics studies rely almost exclusively on 2D gel electrophoresis to resolve proteins before MALDI-TOF or ESI-MS/MS approaches. A drawback of the 2D gel approach is that it is relatively slow and work intensive. In addition, the in-gel proteolytic digestion of spots followed by mass spectrometry is a one-at-a-time method that is not well suited for high throughput studies. Therefore, considerable effort is being directed towards alternate methods for higher throughput protein characterization. 

Type of work Intensive variable Extensive variable Differential work in dU... 

Cesare Marchetti was one of the first to work intensively on the development of the primary energy mix and the determining factors and causes for the transition between primary energy sources. 

We conclnde that aconstic chemometrics provide the process operators with useful information which can be nsed to rnn the process with fewer critical and work intensive shutdowns. 

A description of the present status of PFC sourcing from Asia by Western big pharma companies is the following statement from a Pfizer spokesperson Pfizer is working intensively with Asian based companies to move there the manufacturing of old APIs (= commodities) because of cost containment goals, while the European based companies are mostly used for contract manufacturing on advanced intermediates for New Chemical Entities. ... 

This collection includes data both on recently discovered and long known natural products. Although their values, properties etc can be found described in the literature, they are most widely scattered. Thus it is theoretically possible for a terpene expert to be uncertain as to where to find the NMR data for such a common substance as limonene. Consequently it appeared to be a good idea to compile the data on such common natural products as limonene, camphene or apigenine. This was a most work-intensive process, especially because many spectra had to be remeasured in order to achieve a certain standardization. 

Liquid dichloromethane is absorbed through human skin, with maximum concentrations in expired air being reached 30 min after exposure (Stewart Dodd, 1964). After 0.5—8 h inhalation exposme, concentrations of dichloromethane in the blood and expired air were directly proportional to dose, over the concentration range 173-1740 mg/ni (DiVincenzo et al., 1972). It is distributed principally to adipose tissue. In male volunteers exposed to 2600 mg/m for 1 h at a work intensity of 50 W, mean adipose tissue concentrations after 1,4 and 22 h were 10.2, 8.4 and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively (Engstrom Bjmstrbm, 1977). Elevated carboxyhaemoglobin saturation and increased urinary formic acid concentrations have been found in exposed workers (Ku elova Vlasak, 1966 DiVincenzo Kaplan, 1981), but inhaled dichloromethane is excreted principally unchanged in expired air (Riley et al, 1966). 

Risks linked with chemical processes are diverse. As already discussed, product risks include toxicity, flammability, explosion, corrosion, etc. but also include additional risks due to chemical reactivity. A process often uses conditions (temperature, pressure) that by themselves may present a risk and may lead to deviations that can generate critical effects. The plant equipment, including its control equipment, may also fail. Finally, since fine chemical processes are work-intensive, they may be subject to human error. All of these elements, that is, chemistry, energy, equipment, and operators and their interactions, constitute what we call process safety. 

Standard definition of trainee work hours Actual duty hours Sleep and awake time Work intensity Moonlighting hours... 

Another very broad field in chemistry not adequately covered on the software market is handling of spectral collection. There is, of course, a number of instrument producers that provide spectra handling software for their own instruments and data stations . Unfortunately, their software is mostly neither open for the users to modify it nor documented adequately to take full advantage of it. The worst example of such software does not even allow the user the access to raw data produced by the instrument and offers no possibility to transfer the data to other computers where processing according to users needs can be done. The potential buyers must be aware of such products, especially if they intend to work intensively on their own measured data, what is mainly the case in the R D laboratories. 

R. Erdmenger had worked together with A. Geberg since 1943 in W. Meskat s twin-screw core team in Wolfen, and he pursued this work intensively after 1945 for Bayer AG in Leverkusen, achieving success and acclaim with his team. His work comprised three fundamental components ... 

ADP monitored simultaneously in human gastrocnemius and soleus during three different exercise intensities, 20%, 30%, and 40% of maximum (bars), with rest periods in between and recovery at the end of the protocol. To standardize the data, PCr and ATP are expressed as the ratios of each to the sum of easily MRS-measurable phosphate metabolites [PCr] + [ATP] + [Pi], while ADP is given in molar units, since it is calculated from the CPK equilibrium. Left panels in A, B, and C indicate representative MRS data. Right panels show plots of work intensity (% maximum ATP turnover rate) as the independent parameter and metabolite concentrations at the end of each work bout are plotted as dependent parameters (on the vertical axes). (Modified from Allen et al., 1997.)... 

In spite of the availability of Li battery grade solvents and the large number of applications for which they can be used as received, anyone working intensively with nonaqueous systems should be able to purify solvents for the following reasons ... 

The Orsay group continued working intensively on the optimization of their system to make it catalytic without losing the enantioselectivity of the stoichiomet-... 

Shepherd, R. E. and Gollnlck, P. D. (1976) Oxygen uptake of rats at different work intensities. Pflugers Arch. 362 ... 

A number of medical doctors are working intensively on the problems... 

Actually, she has worked very hard recently to deoccupy me with my work I seem to have to work intensively at times to remain happy. I have to demonstrate to myself, now and then, that I can do it. 

In the present work, intensity of ultramarine Raman spectra have been enhanced by the order of magnitude with solid nanosized Ag particles. Model samples have been prepared as powder mixtures of the pigment and silver particles without any compressing pretreatment. This makes the sample preparation process more easy in contrast to a more traditional way based on SERS-active film from colloidal solution of nanosized Ag particles. The technique does not require much sample material from art objects and preparation of aqueous suspension from a sample. Taking into consideration the low solubility of art pigments in water we propose the sensitive method of pigment identification in real art objeets. 

The process of precleaning the plates and carrying out repeated measurements is work-intensive, but this is partly made up for by the fact, that it is no longer necessary to apply several spots of a sample, as there is no longer any uncertainty resulting from the irregular plate structure. 

Comfort is influenced by temperature, humidity, air velocity, radiant heat, clothing, and work intensity. Psychological factors may mso influence comfort, but their discussion is beyond the scope of this handbook. The reader is referred to Chap. 42 of the HVAC Applications volume of the A.S.H.R.A.E. Handbooks for a full discussion of the control of noise, which must also be considered in air-conditioning design. Figure 5 in Chap. 8 of the HVAC Fundamentals volume of the A.S.H.R.A.E. Handbooks relates the variables of ambient temperature, dew point temperature (or humidity ratio) to comfort under clothing and activity conditions typical for office space occupancy. It also shows boundary values for ET, the effective temperature index. This index combines temperature and moisture conditions into a... 

The emphasis is placed on the analytic and synthetic investigations which have helped to elucidate some of the classical problems of the chemistry of polycyclic substances which occur in the vegetable kingdom. Such special topics have been selected as are of the greatest intrinsic interest, an interest perhaps most reliably indicated by the number and length of memoirs concerned with their study. The availability of am author who has worked intensively on some aspect of the subject and the association of the present writer with some one of its facets have also been factors in the choice. As far as possible the original literature has been consulted, and it is hoped that these books will be of interest to students and afford both stimulus and help to those engaged in further research. 

Prior to start multiple formulation efforts and work-intensive in vivo formulation optimization experiments, an assessment should be made on whether drug metabolism and transport are relevant pharmacokinetic driving factors for the substance to be formulated. 

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