Gel water

Individual chemicals may be so prepared or mixed to be suitable for use as either deflagrating or detonating explosives. Explosives find wide use as mining and constmction to blast ore, coal, and rock in petroleum prospecting and oil well production in manufacturing to bond metals and manufacture diamonds as pyrotechnics and in the aerospace Industry. Military explosives are used in demolition, ammunition, pyrotechnics, signals, and the like. 

In transportation terms, explosives are divided into six divisions (1.1 to 1.6) based on the (1) speed with which they react (2) sensitivity and modes of initiation (3) explosive power and (4) effects of the packaging or article to contain the explosive. 

Explosives are further assigned to one of thirteen compatibility groups (A through H, J, K, L, N, S) which identify the explosive article or substance and allow identification of other compatible explosives. 

A large number of chemicals, usually organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, exhibit explosive properties  

Smokeless powders, solid low explosives, are virtually smokeless in comparison to black powder. They are also less susceptible to damp, store better, are more powerful, and bum at a more easily controlled rate. These benefits come with the disadvantage that they bum hotter and cause greater damage to the barrels of weapons in which they are used extensively as ammunition propellants. The length of a weapon s barrel and other ballistic requirements result in smokeless powder for pistol ammunition being in flakes, which bums quickly, while slower burning balls, cylinders, or tubes are used for rifle ammunition riflepowder). There are three types of smokeless powder  

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Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixtures (ANFO) and ammonium nitrate-base water gels marked... 

Molecular weights were measured using a Waters gel permeation chromatograph 200). Complete details of the equipment... 

Slurry explosives, also known as water-gel explosives or dense blasting agents, resulted from the work of M. A. Cook and others in North America and have now found world-wide application particularly for large scale operations. Whilst slurries are made in many forms to suit almost all types of use, they may be divided into two essentially distinct types ... 

Synthesis using TiF4 (as the source of Ti), TEOS, TPAOH, and distilled water. Gel composition Si02 xTi02 0.4TPA 30H20, 0 < x < 0.05 Prehydrolysis method. Crystallization without evaporating the alcohol in the conventional synthesis (7,8)... 

DRESSING BURN FIRST AID WATER-GEL TYPE POLYESTER 6X18"STERILE20S 6510014575844 PG 103,00 ... 

Owing to their intrinsic safety and inexpensive nature, AN/fuel formulations have almost completely replaced dynamites as the mining explosive. As a result, they are by far the most widely used explosive. AN formulations are sold as AN prill or solution, ANFO pre-mixed, AN water—gel (although this is becoming obsolete) AN emulsions, either in cartridges or as bulk material that is brought to the site and loaded directly from the tmck to the borehole and heavy ANFO (ANFO folded into an AN emulsion). AN formulations usually require the use of a high explosive booster, but powerful and cap-sensitive formulations can be prepared. 

The molecular weight distribution of peroxide formed at 4% oxidation was determined with a Waters gel permeation chromatograph. The peroxide was prepared as a 0.7% (w./v.) solution in tetrahydrofuran, and the molecular weight distribution then obtained is shown in Figure 2. By analogy with polychloroprene count 25 is equivalent to about 140 monomer units in the peroxide, and the peak maximum is at about 18 units—i.e., a molecular weight of 2000. The incipient peaks at counts 34, 36, and between 32 and 33 result from products of peroxide decomposition. 

In the late 1950 s and early 1960 s the entire explosives industry was intensively working on a new explosive system, which has since become known as water-gel or aqueous slurry explosives. Hercules was among the leaders in innovation and promotion of water gels. Packaged Flogel, an aqueous solution of oxidizing salts sensitized with smokeless powder became a forerunner of many such products. 

In the late 1960 s Hercules water-gel explosives were being used nationwide in bulk operations and packaged products. Slurrex was a Hercules patented method of gasifying water gels to produce improved performance due to increased sensitivity and energy output... 

Bacchus, Utah — Propellants rockets Bessemer, Ala — Dynamite, nitric acid, PETN, water gel... 

Carthage, Mo — Dynamite, water gel Donora, Pa — Ammonium nitrate, nitric acid Hercules, Cal - N204 nitric acid, ammonium nitrate... 

Ishpeming, Mich - Water gel Kenvil, N J — Smokeless powder, diazo Louisiana, Mo — Ammonium nitrate, nitric acid Parlin, N.J — Nitrocellulose Port Ewen, NY— Detonators, initiators Rocket Center, W Va - Propellants Radford, Va — Government owned, company operated... 

Figure 2. Consistency curve of 13 vol. % graphite dispersed in a water gel using a cone and plate viscometer...

AOT-isooctane-gelatin-water gels SO-A-diameter CdS particles generated in situ High yields of CdS-mediated MV2+ and Fe(CN) photoreduction 613... 

Characterization was achieved by using a Waters Gel Permeation chromatograph. The Mn molecular weight characterization was achieved by membrane osmometry. Table IV summarizes the... 

DuPont s Blasting Agents, such as Nitram-ons (expls, introduced in 1935, contain no NG or other ingredient which can be classified as an expl by itself they cannot be initiated unless a booster is used) Packaged nitro-carbo-nitrates known as NCNs C Aluvite , "ANFOHD") and a new series of small-diameter water-gel explos-... 

DuPont s HDP (High Detonation Pressure) Primers for water gel expls (Ref 6, pp64—7) DuPont s Jet Tapper Electric Blasting Cap. 

DuPont s Submarine (Underwater) Blasting and Explosives Used. See Ref 6, pp421—27) DuPont s Trimtex Explosives (Ref 6, p43) DuPont s Water Gel Explosives, such as Tovex Extras and Pourvex Extras (Ref 6, pp68 -71)... 

Canadian Industries Ltd, BritP 1025637 (1966) CA 64, 19311(1966) [Blasting compnf 0. Ip pnly(oxyethylene)-nonylphenol dispersed in 4.9P diesel oil and mixed with 94.0 ps AN prills, and 1.0 p 7/93 Na carboxymethyl cellu-lose/water gel added does not develop high charges of static electricity during pneumatic... 

R.V. Robinson, CIM(CanadlnstMinirigMet) Bull 1969, 62(692), 1317-25 CA 73, 576l9v(1970) (Water-gel expls. A review with 28 refs. New values, exptl ot calcd,... 

Water Gels. See under Slurry Explosives in Vol 9, S121-L... 

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