FOODS AND FUELS

Our consumption of food and the burning of biomass (such as wood) are part of the natural cycles of the earth (and because they are consumed food and fuel do not need to be durable). So too, in a more extended way, is our use of natural materials to build the world. Materials such as cotton and wool, wood and metal are liable to decay or corrode, even if they are part of artefacts. When we stop actively protecting these materials by keeping them dry or cleaning, natural processes take hold and the materials are returned to natural cycles. 

An alternative to the utilization of food crops in biofuel production is lignocellu-lose, which can for instance be utilized in biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes. That way, a direct competition between food and fuel production can be avoided. This feedstock is much more abundant than vegetable oils or sugar and starch crops. 

The war years were not easy ones for the Pauling family. From the yard of their home in the hills above Pasadena, they could hear the booming explosions from Caltech s powder research labs. There were air-raid scares and food and fuel rationing. Ava Helen grew vegetables for the family in a home Victory Garden, helped in a Caltech laboratory that was developing artificial rubber, and trained as an air-raid warden. 

Notwithstanding unequivocal benefits associated with the acceleration of the global N cycle in terms of satisfying societal demands for food and fuel, the negative environmental consequences to estuaries and coastal seas caused by over-enrichment of nitrogen are significant (Howarth and Marino, 2006 Rabalais, 2002). For example, two-thirds of the coastal rivers and bays in the United States are moderately to severely... 

The United Nations Statistical Yearbook (2) contains statistics for countries throughout the world on population, manpower, land use, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, mining and quarrying, manufacture (for a selected group of important products such as foods and fuels), external trade, balance of payments, national income, currency arid credits, public finance, social welfare, and education. Production statistic include data for suhuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid, caustic soda, superphosphates, nitrogenous fertilizers, benzoV phosphate rock, potash, and sulfur. 

Will tomorrow s world be more concerned with the basic necessities of food and fuel or with leisure and life enrichment (i.e., luxuries) Name the CPI products that will support these two divergent sectors of life. What talents should chemical professionals have to satisfy these needs ... 

Ross, K. There is no energy in food and fuels - but they do have fuel value. School Science Review 75 (1993), 39... 

Note that because reactions in a bomb calorimeter occur under constant-volume rather than constant-pressure conditions, the heat changes do not correspond to the enthalpy change A// (see Section 6.3). It is possible to correct the measured heat changes so that they correspond to A// values, but the corrections usually are quite small, so we will not concern ourselves with the details of the correction procedure. Finally, it is interesting to note that the energy contents of food and fuel (usually expressed in calories where 1 cal = 4.184 J) are measured with constant-volume calorimeters (see Chemistry in Action essay on p. 215.) Example 6.3 illustrates the determination of the heat of combustion of an organic compound. 

Tunable gas phase lasers are expensive. Less expensive solid-state diode lasers with wavelengths in the NIR are available. Commercial instmments using multiple diode lasers are available for NIR analyses of food and fuels. Because of the narrow emission lines from a laser system, laser sources are often used in dedicated applications for specific analytes. They can be ideal for process analysis and product quality control, for example, but are not as flexible in their applications as a continuous source or a tunable laser. 

The first years of the Revolution were difficult. Lack of facilities, food, and fuel made for inactivity. Aware of Ipatieff s wartime contribution to the development of the Russian chemical industry, Lenin made him a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy and chairman of the chemical administration. Ipatieff thus became the only nonmember of the Communist Party in the Soviet higher government. 

The enthalpy change that occurs on the combustion of a material in a reactive atmosphere, usually oxygen under pressure, is a most important method of obtaining thermochemical data, both for the stability of materials and also for the characterisation of the energy content of foods and fuels. Complete combustion of organic compounds to C02(g) and H20(l) is essential, and corrections may be needed for elements such as nitrogen and sulfur. 

Cellulosic materials are very popular as immobilization carriers for alcoholic beverage production, due to their food-grade purity, low cost, and availability all year round. Delignified cellulosic materials (DCMs) have been successfully used as carriers for the development of immobilized cell biocatalysts for use in various bioprocesses related to food and fuel industries such as alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations for alcoholic beverages and dairy products production. "... 

The dual capacity as energy source for human nutrition and as fuel for transportation emphasizes the important role of lipids on one side and reveals the conflict relative to sustainable availability for both food and fuel applications on the other. 

Rnally, we examine foods and fuels as sources of energy and discuss some related health and social issues. 

One of the biggest challenges facing us in the twenty-first century is production of abundant sources of eneigy, both food and fuels. World population... 

---