Chemical administrative

Stoner GD, Conran PB, Greisiger EA, et al. 1986. Comparison of two routes of chemical administration on the lung adenoma response in Strain A/J mice. Toxicol AppI Pharmacol 82 19-31. 

Oral LD50 (gavage) - pilot range study first chemical administration to fasting animal in varying doses, observation, and autopsy after death. 

Hematology. Assessment should be made prior to chemical administration (pretest) and at least prior to termination. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, differential counts, platelets, reticulocytes, and clotting parameters should be assessed. 

Hickey MJ, Knight KR, Lepore DA, et al. Influence of postis-chemic administration of oxyradical antagonists on ischemic injury to rabbit skeletal muscle. Microsurgery 1996 ... 

Figure 29.6. Representative design of experimental protocols to test renal function following drug or chemical administration.

There are many instances where the results of one study have not been confirmed by the results of another study using the same chemical. Such disturbing discrepancies may be explained in part by differences in protocol for chemical administration (food, ambient water or injection) or dose or duration of the treatment. Furthermore, over 30 different model species from marine, freshwater, tropical, temperate and cold-water environments have been used. Also, fish have rarely been at a comparable physiologic state or stage of development or maturation and have been held under diverse environmental conditions. If indeed, as seems to be the case, variations in thyroidal responses to ecotoxicants can be explained in part by variations in species, environmental conditions and physiologic state, then selection of a standardized... 

Postulated MOA. Brief description of the sequence of measured effects, starting with chemical administration, to cancer formation at a given site. 

This is just a random selection of the sort of work which was done in Britain. Similar research was being carried out throughout the world. Italy established a Servizio Chemico Militate in 1923 with an extensive proving ground in the north of the country. The main French chemical warfare installation was the Atelier de Pyrotechnie du Bouchet near Paris. The Japanese Navy began work on chemical weapons in 1923, and the Army followed suit in 1925. In Germany, despite the fact that Haber s Kaiser Wilhelm Institute had been closed down in 1919, limited defensive work continued, later to form the basis of Germany s offensive effort. And in 1924 the Military-Chemical Administration of the Red Army was established and Russian chemical troops were stationed at each provincial army headquarters. 

The first years of the Revolution were difficult. Lack of facilities, food, and fuel made for inactivity. Aware of Ipatieff s wartime contribution to the development of the Russian chemical industry, Lenin made him a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy and chairman of the chemical administration. Ipatieff thus became the only nonmember of the Communist Party in the Soviet higher government. 

Chemical destabilization is the mutual topic for the chapters by Angle and by SjOblom, Johnsen, Westvik, Ese, Djuve, Auflem, and Kallevik ( Demulsifiers in the Oil Industry ). These contributions present a comprehensive treatise on chemicals used to promote coalescence, as well as their interaction patterns with different indigenous film-forming components in the cmde oils. The competition between categories of demulsifiers in the bulk and at the W/0 interfaces is central in these chapters. The question of chemical administration to enhance the efficiency of the chemical agents is also raised. The upscaling of the use of the chemicals in actual recovery operations onshore as well as offshore is also reviewed. 

Measures of toxicity are from two routes. Firstly, data from laboratory testing on animals by direct injection, oral or chemical administration and is usually expressed as an LD50 value. This is the dose that causes death to 50% of the population after 14 days expressed as mg or fig of substance per kg body weight. Tests are performed under standard conditions and subject to rigorous statistical analysis. The lethal concentration (LC50) unit is used for hazardous airborne concentrations and is defined as the 4-hour inhalation of which causes death of 50% of the test group within the 14 day observation period. 

Several pieces of evidence imply that the chemically induced lesions that give rise to SCE are also long-lived. In peripheral blood lymphocytes from laboratory animalsor from patients exposed to chemicals that induce SCE, the increase in SCE frequency is seen in blood samples taken within hours or a few days after treatment. Lymphocytes are normally in an arrested Gi-like state in the circulating bloodstream the lesions must remain in the DNA until the cell is stimulated to divide in culture, when the lesions will induce SCE during S phase. With successive sampling, SCEs return to the frequency seen before chemical administration,indicating that the SCE-... 

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