Pulp and paper processing

This paper aims to introduce the problems that exist within the pulp and paper processing and detail how biocides can help to reduce these problems. 

Pulp and paper processes generate large volumes of wastewaters that might adversely affect freshwater or marine ecosystems. 

Due to the large volumes of water used in pulp and paper processes, virtually all U.S. mills have primary and secondary wastewater treatment systems to remove particulates and BOD. These systems also provide significant removals (e.g., 30 to 70%) of other important parameters such as AOX and chemical oxygen demand (COD). 

Common Water Pollutants from Pulp and Paper Processes... 

Table 21.8 is an overview of the major types and sources of air pollutant releases from various pulp and paper processes.12... 

Reese, J., Jiang, P., and Fan, L. S., Bubble Characteristics in Three-Phase Systems used for Pulp and Paper Processing, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51 2501 (1996)... 

In pulp and paper processing, anthraquinone (AQ) accelerates the delignification of wood and improves liquor selectivity. The kinetics of the liquid-phase oxidation of anthracene (AN) to AQ with NO2 in acetic acid as solvent has been studied by Rodriguez and Tijero (1989) in a semibatch reactor (batch with respect to the liquid phase), under conditions such that the kinetics of the overall gas-liquid process is controlled by the rate of the liquid-phase reaction. This reaction proceeds through the formation of the intermediate compound anthrone (ANT) ... 

In pulp and paper processing, antbraquinone accelerates delignification of wood and im-... 

Some coupled systems allow measurement of the main N and P forms (nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphates) [22,27,29], among which is a system based on membrane technology in combination with semi-micro continuous-flow analysis (pCFA) with classical colorimetry. With the same principle (classical colorimetry), another system [30] proposes the measurement of phosphate, iron and sulphate by flow-injection analysis (FIA). These systems are derived from laboratory procedures, as in a recent work [31] where capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for the separation of inorganic and organic ions from waters in a pulp and paper process. Chloride, thiosulphate, sulphate, oxalate,... 

Chapters 1 through 6 outline our understanding of the enzymes necessary or potentially useful for biomass conversion. Included are chapters on fuels and chemical feedstock production, pulp and paper processing, waste processing and degradation, food processing, and specific classes of alkali or thermostable enzymes. 

Kirk, T.K. Jeffries, T.W. Roles for microbial enzymes in pulp and paper processing. In Enzymes for Pulp and Paper Processing-, Jeffries, T.W., Viikari, L., Eds. American Chemical Society Symposium, 1996, Series 655, 2-14. 

Farrell, R. L., Hata, K., Wall, M. B. Solving Pitch Problems in Pulp and Paper Processes. Vol. 57, p. 197... 

Jeffries, T. W. and Viikari, L., Enzymes for pulp and paper processing. In ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society Washington DC, 1996 Vol. 655. 

Historically, a classic example of an evaporation process is the production of table salt. Maple syrup has traditionally been produced by evaporation of sap. Concentration of black liquor from pulp and paper processing constitutes a large-volume present application. Evaporators are also employed in such disparate uses as desalination of seawater, nuclear fuel reprocessing, radioactive waste treatment,preparation of boiler feed waters, and production of sodium hydroxide. They are used to concentrate stillage waste in fermentation processes, waste brines, inorganic salts in fertilizer production, and rinse liquids used in metal finishing, as well as in the production of sugar, vitamin C, caustic soda, dyes, and juice concentrates, and for solvent recovery in pharmaceutical processes. 

J. Dahlin, "Oxidation of De-inking Sludge in Supercritical Water in Practice, Presented at Workshop on Managing Pulp and Paper Process Residues, Barcelona, Spain, May 30-31, 2002 (paper is also available for download at www.chematur.se). 

The refocusing continued during the 1990s as Olin concentrated on three specialty businesses metal products (copper and copper alloy sheets, strips, and foil, clad metal, and stainless-steel strips) chlor-alkali chemicals for bleach, water purification, swimming pools, pulp and paper processing, and PVC and the Winchester brand of ammunition. ... 

MG Paice, FS Archibald, R Bourbonnais, L Jurasek, ID Reid, T Charles, T Dumonceaux. Enzymology of kraft pulp bleaching by Trametes versicolor. In TW Jeffries, L Viikari, eds. Enzymes for Pulp and Paper Processing, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 655. Washington American Chemical Society, 1996, pp. 151-164. 

Hartowet. [Hart Chem. Ltd.] Wetting agent for finishing formulations in textiles, pulp and paper processing. 

No known natural ooourrences have been identified for sodium chlorite, but it is used oommercially in substantial amounts in the production of chlorine dioxide for various applications (e.g. bleaching textiles, disinfection and pulp and paper processing) and is also a reoognized water disinfection by-product (International Agency for Research on Canoer, 1991). 

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